Hsien asked what was shameful. The Master said, "When good governmentprevails in a state, to be thinking only of salary; and, when badgovernment prevails, to be thinking, in the same way, only of salary;-thisis shameful.""When the love of superiority, boasting, resentments, and covetousness arerepressed, this may be deemed perfect virtue."The Master said, "This may be regarded as the achievement of what isdifficult. But I do not know that it is to be deemed perfect virtue."The Master said, "The scholar who cherishes the love of comfort is not fitto be deemed a scholar."The Master said, "When good government prevails in a state, language may belofty and bold, and actions the same. When bad government prevails, theactions may be lofty and bold, but the language may be with some reserve."The Master said, "The virtuous will be sure to speak correctly, but thosewhose speech is good may not always be virtuous. Men of principle are sureto be bold, but those who are bold may not always be men of principle."Nan-kung Kwo, submitting an inquiry to Confucius, said, "I was skillful atarchery, and Ao could move a boat along upon the land, but neither of themdied a natural death. Yu and Chi personally wrought at the toils ofhusbandry, and they became possessors of the kingdom." The Master made noreply; but when Nan-kung Kwo went out, he said, "A superior man indeed isthis! An esteemer of virtue indeed is this!"The Master said, "Superior men, and yet not always virtuous, there havebeen, alas! But there never has been a mean man, and, at the same time,virtuous."The Master said, "Can there be love which does not lead to strictness withits object? Can there be loyalty which does not lead to the instruction ofits object?"The Master said, "In preparing the governmental notifications, P'i Shanfirst made the rough draft; Shi-shu examined and discussed its contents;Tsze-yu, the manager of foreign intercourse, then polished the style; and,finally, Tsze-ch'an of Tung-li gave it the proper elegance and finish."Some one asked about Tsze-ch'an. The Master said, "He was a kind man."He asked about Tsze-hsi. The Master said, "That man! That man!"He asked about Kwan Chung. "For him," said the Master, "the city of Pien,with three hundred families, was taken from the chief of the Po family, whodid not utter a murmuring word, though, to the end of his life, he had onlycoarse rice to eat."The Master said, "To be poor without murmuring is difficult. To be richwithout being proud is easy."The Master said, "Mang Kung-ch'o is more than fit to be chief officer inthe families of Chao and Wei, but he is not fit to be great officer toeither of the states Tang or Hsieh."Tsze-lu asked what constituted a COMPLETE man. The Master said, "Suppose aman with the knowledge of Tsang Wu-chung, the freedom from covetousness ofKung-ch'o, the bravery of Chwang of Pien, and the varied talents of ZanCh'iu; add to these the accomplishments of the rules of propriety andmusic;-such a one might be reckoned a Complete man."He then added, "But what is the necessity for a complete man of the presentday to have all these things? The man, who in the view of gain, thinks ofrighteousness; who in the view of danger is prepared to give up his life;and who does not forget an old agreement however far back it extends:-sucha man may be reckoned a COMPLETE man."The Master asked Kung-ming Chia about Kung-shu Wan, saying, "Is it truethat your master speaks not, laughs not, and takes not?"Kung-ming Chia replied, "This has arisen from the reporters going beyondthe truth.-My master speaks when it is the time to speak, and so men do notget tired of his speaking. He laughs when there is occasion to be joyful,and so men do not get tired of his laughing. He takes when it is consistentwith righteousness to do so, and so men do not get tired of his taking."The Master said, "So! But is it so with him?"The Master said, "Tsang Wu-chung, keeping possession of Fang, asked of theduke of Lu to appoint a successor to him in his family. Although it may besaid that he was not using force with his sovereign, I believe he was."The Master said, "The duke Wan of Tsin was crafty and not upright. The dukeHwan of Ch'i was upright and not crafty."Tsze-lu said, "The Duke Hwan caused his brother Chiu to be killed, whenShao Hu died, with his master, but Kwan Chung did not die. May not I saythat he was wanting in virtue?"The Master said, "The Duke Hwan assembled all the princes together, andthat not with weapons of war and chariots:-it was all through the influenceof Kwan Chung. Whose beneficence was like his? Whose beneficence was likehis?"Tsze-kung said, "Kwan Chung, I apprehend was wanting in virtue. When theDuke Hwan caused his brother Chiu to be killed, Kwan Chung was not able todie with him. Moreover, he became prime minister to Hwan."The Master said, "Kwan Chung acted as prime minister to the Duke Hwan madehim leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole kingdom.

　　Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. Butfor Kwan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and the lappetsof our coats buttoning on the left side.

　　"Will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and commonwomen, who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch, no one knowinganything about them?"The great officer, Hsien, who had been family minister to Kung-shu Wan,ascended to the prince's court in company with Wan.

　　The Master, having heard of it, said, "He deserved to be considered WAN(the accomplished)."The Master was speaking about the unprincipled course of the duke Ling ofWeil when Ch'i K'ang said, "Since he is of such a character, how is it hedoes not lose his state?"Confucius said, "The Chung-shu Yu has the superintendence of his guests andof strangers; the litanist, T'o, has the management of his ancestraltemple; and Wang-sun Chia has the direction of the army and forces:-withsuch officers as these, how should he lose his state?"The Master said, "He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult tomake his words good."Chan Ch'ang murdered the Duke Chien of Ch'i.

　　Confucius bathed, went to court and informed the Duke Ai, saying, "ChanHang has slain his sovereign. I beg that you will undertake t............