Smith being thus "refurnished," made the tour of Italy, satisfiedhimself with the rarities of Rome, where he saw Pope Clement theEighth and many cardinals creep up the holy stairs, and with the faircity of Naples and the kingdom's nobility; and passing through thenorth he came into Styria, to the Court of Archduke Ferdinand; and,introduced by an Englishman and an Irish Jesuit to the notice ofBaron Kisell, general of artillery, he obtained employment, and wentto Vienna with Colonel Voldo, Earl of Meldritch, with whose regimenthe was to serve.
He was now on the threshold of his long-desired campaign against theTurks. The arrival on the scene of this young man, who was scarcelyout of his teens, was a shadow of disaster to the Turks. They hadbeen carrying all before them. Rudolph II., Emperor of Germany, wasa weak and irresolute character, and no match for the enterprisingSultan, Mahomet III., who was then conducting the invasion of Europe.
The Emperor's brother, the Archduke Mathias, who was to succeed him,and Ferdinand, Duke of Styria, also to become Emperor of Germany,were much abler men, and maintained a good front against the Moslemsin Lower Hungary, but the Turks all the time steadily advanced. Theyhad long occupied Buda (Pesth), and had been in possession of thestronghold of Alba Regalis for some sixty years. Before Smith'sadvent they had captured the important city of Caniza, and just as hereached the ground they had besieged the town of Olumpagh, with twothousand men. But the addition to the armies of Germany, France,Styria, and Hungary of John Smith, "this English gentleman," as hestyles himself, put a new face on the war, and proved the ruin of theTurkish cause. The Bashaw of Buda was soon to feel the effect ofthis re-enforcement.
Caniza is a town in Lower Hungary, north of the River Drave, and justwest of the Platen Sea, or Lake Balatin, as it is also called. Duenorth of Caniza a few miles, on a bend of the little River Raab(which empties into the Danube), and south of the town of Kerment,lay Smith's town of Olumpagh, which we are able to identify on a mapof the period as Olimacum or Oberlymback. In this strong town theTurks had shut up the garrison under command of Governor Ebersbraughtso closely that it was without intelligence or hope of succor.
In this strait, the ingenious John Smith, who was present in thereconnoitering army in the regiment of the Earl of Meldritch, came tothe aid of Baron Kisell, the general of artillery, with a plan ofcommunication with the besieged garrison. Fortunately Smith had madethe acquaintance of Lord Ebersbraught at Gratza, in Styria, and had(he says) communicated to him a system of signaling a message by theuse of torches. Smith seems to have elaborated this method ofsignals, and providentially explained it to Lord Ebersbraught, as ifhe had a presentiment of the latter's use of it. He divided thealphabet into two parts, from A to L and from M to Z. Letters wereindicated and words spelled by the means of torches: "The first part,from A to L, is signified by showing and holding one linke so oft asthere is letters from A to that letter you name; the other part, fromM to Z, is mentioned by two lights in like manner. The end of a wordis signifien by showing of three lights."General Kisell, inflamed by this strange invention, which Smith madeplain to him, furnished him guides, who conducted him to a highmountain, seven miles distant from the town, where he flashed historches and got a reply from the governor. Smith signaled that theywould charge on the east of the town in the night, and at the alarumEbersbraught was to sally forth. General Kisell doubted that heshould be able to relieve the town by this means, as he had only tenthousand men; but Smith, whose fertile brain was now in full action,and who seems to have assumed charge of the campaign, hit upon astratagem for the diversion and confusion of the Turks.
On the side of the town opposite the proposed point of attack lay theplain of Hysnaburg (Eisnaburg on Ortelius's map). Smith fastened twoor three charred pieces of match to divers small lines of an hundredfathoms in length, armed with powder. Each line was tied to a stakeat each end. After dusk these lines were set up on the plain, andbeing fired at the instant the alarm was given, they seemed to theTurks like so many rows of musketeers. While the Turks thereforeprepared to repel a great army from that side, Kisell attacked withhis ten thousand men, Ebersbraught sallied out and fell upon theTurks in the trenches, all the enemy on that side were slain ordrowned, or put to flight. And while the Turks were busy routingSmith's sham musketeers, the Christians threw a couple of thousandtroops into the town. Whereupon the Turks broke up the siege andretired to Caniza. For this exploit General Kisell received greathonor at Kerment, and Smith was rewarded with the rank of captain,and the command of two hundred and fifty horsemen. From this timeour hero must figure as Captain John Smith. The rank is not high,but he has made the title great, just as he has made the name of JohnSmith unique.
After this there were rumors of peace for these tormented countries;but the Turks, who did not yet appreciate the nature of this force,called John Smith, that had come into the world against them, did notintend peace, but went on levying soldiers and launching them intoHungary. To oppose these fresh invasions, Rudolph II., aided by theChristian princes, organized three armies: one led by the ArchdukeMathias and his lieutenant, Duke Mercury, to defend Low Hungary; thesecond led by Ferdinand, the Archduke of Styria, and the Duke ofMantua, his lieutenant, to regain Caniza; the third by Gonzago,Governor of High Hungary, to join with Georgio Busca, to make anabsolute conquest of Transylvania.
In pursuance of this plan, Duke Mercury, with an army of thirtythousand, whereof nearly ten thousand were French, besieged Stowell-Weisenberg, otherwise called Alba Regalis, a place so strong by artand nature that it was thought impregnable.
This stronghold, situated on the northeast of the Platen Sea, was,like Caniza and Oberlympack, one of the Turkish advanced posts, bymeans of which they pushed forward their operations from Buda on theDanube.
This noble friend of Smith, the Duke of Mercury, whom Haylyn stylesDuke Mercurio, seems to have puzzled the biographers of Smith. Infact, the name of "Mercury" has given a mythological air to Smith'snarration and aided to transfer it to the region of romance. He was,however, as we have seen, identical with a historical character ofsome importance, for the services he rendered to the Church of Rome,and a commander of some considerable skill. He is no other thanPhilip de Lorraine, Duc de Mercceur.'
[So far as I know, Dr. Edward Eggleston was the first to identifyhim. There is a sketch of him in the "Biographie Universelle," and alife with an account of his exploits in Hungary, entitled:
Histoire de Duc Mercoeur, par Bruseles de Montplain Champs, Cologne,1689-97]
At the siege of Alba Regalis, the Turks gained several successes bynight sallies, and, as usual, it was not till Smith came to the frontwith one of his ingenious devices that the fortune of war changed.
The Earl Meldritch, in whose regiment Smith served, having heard fromsome Christians who escaped from the town at what place there werethe greatest assemblies and throngs of people in the city, causedCaptain Smith to put in practice his "fiery dragons." Theseinstruments of destruction are carefully described: "Having preparedfortie or fiftie round-bellied earthen pots, and filled them withhand Gunpowder, then covered them with Pitch, mingled with Brimstoneand Turpentine, and quartering as many Musket-bullets, that hungtogether but only at the center of the division, stucke them round inthe mixture about the pots, and covered them againe with the samemixture, over that a strong sear-cloth, then over all a goodethicknesse of Towze-match, well tempered with oyle of Linseed,Campheer, and powder of Brimstone, these he fitly placed in slings,graduated so neere as they could to the places of these assemblies."These missiles of Smith's invention were flung at midnight, when thealarum was given, and "it was a perfect sight to see the shortflaming course of their flight in the air, but presently after theirfall, the lamentable noise of the miserable slaughtered Turkes wasmost wonderful to heare."While Smith was amusing the Turks in this manner, the Earl Roswormeplanned an attack on the opposite suburb, which was defended by amuddy lake, supposed to be impassable. Furnishing his men withbundles of sedge, which they threw before them as they advanced inthe dark night, the lake was made passable, the suburb surprised, andthe captured guns of the Turks were turned upon them in the city towhich they had retreated. The army of the Bashaw was cut to piecesand he himself captured.
The Earl of Meldritch, having occupied the town, repaired the wallsand the ruins of this famous city that had been in the possession ofthe Turks for some threescore years.
It is not our purpose to attempt to trace the meteoric course ofCaptain Smith in all his campaigns against the Turks, only toindicate the large part he took in these famous wars for thepossession of Eastern Europe. The siege of Alba Regalis must havebeen about the year 1601--Smith never troubles himself with anydates--and while it was undecided, Mahomet III.--this was the promptSultan who made his position secure by putting to death nineteen ofhis brothers upon his accession--raised sixty thousand troops for itsrelief or its recovery. The Duc de Mercoeur went out to meet thisarmy, and encountered it in the plains of Girke. In the firstskirmishes the Earl Meldritch was very nearly cut off, although hemade "his valour shine more bright than his armour, which seemed thenpainted with Turkish blood." Smith himself was sore wounded and hadhis horse slain under him. The campaign, at first favorable to theTurks, was inconclusive, and towards winter the Bashaw retired toBuda. The Duc de Mercoeur then divided his army. The Earl ofRosworme was sent to assist the Archduke Ferdinand, who was besiegingCaniza; the Earl of Meldritch, with six thousand men, was sent toassist Georgio Busca against the Transylvanians; and the Duc deMercoeur set out for France to raise new forces. On his way hereceived great honor at Vienna, and staying overnight at Nuremberg,he was royally entertained by the Archdukes Mathias and Maximilian.
The next morning after the feast--how it chanced is not known--he wasfound dead His brother-inlaw died two days afterwards, and the heartsof both, with much sorrow, were carried into France.
We now come to the most important event in the life of Smith beforehe became an adventurer in Virginia, an event which shows Smith'sreadiness to put in practice the chivalry which had in the oldchronicles influenced his boyish imagination; and we approach it withthe satisfaction of knowing that it loses nothing in Smith'snarration.
It must be mentioned that Transylvania, which the Earl of Meldritch,accompanied by Captain Smith, set out to relieve, had long been in adisturbed condition, owing to internal dissensions, of which theTurks took advantage. Transylvania, in fact, was a Turkishdependence, and it gives us an idea of the far reach of the Mosleminfluence in Europe, that Stephen VI., vaivode of Transylvania, was,on the commendation of Sultan Armurath III., chosen King of Poland.
To go a little further back than the period of Smith's arrival, JohnII. of Transylvania was a champion of the Turk, and an enemy ofFerdinand and his successors. His successor, Stephen VI., surnamedBattori, or Bathor, was made vaivode by the Turks, and afterwards, aswe have said, King of Poland. He was succeeded in 1575 by hisbrother Christopher Battori, who was the first to drop the title ofvaivode and assume that of Prince of Transylvania. The son ofChristopher, Sigismund Battori, shook off the Turkish bondage,defeated many of their armies, slew some of their pashas, and gainedthe title of the Scanderbeg of the times in which he lived. Not ableto hold out, however, against so potent an adversary, he resigned hisestate to the Emperor Rudolph II., and received in exchange thedukedoms of Oppelon and Ratibor in Silesia, with an annual pension offifty thousand joachims. The pension not being well paid, Sigismundmade another resignation of his principality to his cousin AndrewBattori, who had the ill luck to be slain within the year by thevaivode of Valentia. Thereupon Rudolph, Emperor and King of Hungary,was acknowledged Prince of Transylvania. But the Transylvaniasoldiers did not take kindly to a foreign prince, and behaved sounsoldierly that Sigismund was called back. But he was unable tosettle himself in his dominions, and the second time he left hiscountry in the power of Rudolph and retired to Prague, where, in1615, he died unlamented.
It was during this last effort of Sigismund to regain his positionthat the Earl of Meldritch, accompanied by Smith, went toTransylvania, with the intention of assisting Georgio Busca, who wasthe commander of the Emperor's party. But finding Prince Sigismundin possession of the most territory and of the hearts of the people,the earl thought it best to assist the prince against the Turk,rather than Busca against the prince. Especially was he inclined tothat side by the offer of free liberty of booty for his worn andunpaid troops, of what they could get possession of from the Turks.
This last consideration no doubt persuaded the troops that Sigismundhad "so honest a cause." The earl was born in Transylvania, and theTurks were then in possession of his father's country. In thisdistracted state of the land, the frontiers had garrisons among themountains, some of which held for the emperor, some for the prince,and some for the Turk. The earl asked leave of the prince to make anattempt to regain his paternal estate. The prince, glad of such anally, made him camp-master of his army, and gave him leave to plunderthe Turks. Accordingly the earl began to make incursions of thefrontiers into what Smith calls the Land of Zarkam--among rockymountains, where were some Turks, some Tartars, but most Brandittoes,Renegadoes, and such like, which he forced into the Plains of Regall,where was a city of men and fortifications, strong in itself, and soenvironed with mountains that it had been impregnable in all thesewars.
It must be confessed that the historians and the map-makers did notalways attach the importance that Smith did to the battles in whichhe was conspicuous, and we do not find the Land of Zarkam or the cityof Regall in the contemporary chronicles or atlases. But the regionis sufficiently identified. On the River Maruch, or Morusus, was thetown of Alba Julia, or Weisenberg, the residence of the vaivode orPrince of Transylvania. South of this capital was the townMillenberg, and southwest of this was a very strong fortress,commanding a narrow pass leading into Transylvania out of Hungary,probably where the River Maruct: broke through the mountains. Weinfer that it was this pass that the earl captured by a stratagem,and carrying his army through it, began the siege of Regall in theplain. "The earth no sooner put on her green habit," says ourknight-errant," than the earl overspread her with his troops."Regall occupied a strong fortress on a promontory and the Christiansencamped on the plain before it.
In the conduct of this campaign, we pass at once into the age ofchivalry, about which Smith had read so much. We cannot butrecognize that this is his opportunity. His idle boyhood had beensoaked in old romances, and he had set out in his youth to do whatequally dreamy but less venturesome devourers of old chronicles werecontent to read about. Everything arranged itself as Smith wouldhave had it. When the Christian army arrived, the Turks sallied outand gave it a lively welcome, which cost each side about fifteenhundred men. Meldritch had but eight thousand soldiers, but he wasre-enforced by the arrival of nine thousand more, with six-and-twentypieces of ordnance, under Lord Zachel Moyses, the general of thearmy, who took command of the whole.
After the first skirmish the Turks remained within their fortress,the guns of which commanded the plain, and the Christians spent amonth in intrenching themselves and mounting their guns.
The Turks, who taught Europe the art of civilized war, behaved allthis time in a courtly and chivalric manner, exchanging with thebesiegers wordy compliments until such time as the latter were readyto begin. The Turks derided the slow progress of the works, inquiredif their ordnance was in pawn, twitted them with growing fat for wantof exercise, and expressed the fear that the Christians should departwithout making an assault.
In order to make the time pass pleasantly, and exactly in accordancewith the tales of chivalry which Smith had read, the Turkish Bashawin the fortress sent out his challenge: "That to delight the ladies,who did long to see some courtlike pastime, the Lord Tubashaw diddefy any captaine that had the command of a company, who durst combatwith him for his head."This handsome offer to swap heads was accepted; lots were cast forthe honor of meeting the lord, and, fortunately for us, the choicefell upon an ardent fighter of twenty-three years, named Captain JohnSmith. Nothing was wanting to give dignity to the spectacle. Trucewas made; the ramparts of this fortress-city in the mountains (whichwe cannot find on the map) were "all beset with faire Dames and menin Armes"; the Christians were drawn up in battle array; and upon thetheatre thus prepared the Turkish Bashaw, armed and mounted, enteredwith a flourish of hautboys; on his shoulders were fixed a pair ofgreat wings, compacted of eagles' feathers within a ridge of silverrichly garnished with gold and precious stones; before him was ajanissary bearing his lance, and a janissary walked at each sideleading his steed.
This gorgeous being Smith did not keep long waiting. Riding into thefield with a flourish of trumpets, and only a simple page to bear hislance, Smith favored the Bashaw with a courteous salute, tookposition, charged at the signal, and before the Bashaw could say"Jack Robinson," thrust his lance through the sight of his beaver,face, head and all, threw him dead to the ground, alighted, unbracedhis helmet, and cut off his head. The whole affair was over sosuddenly that as a pastime for ladies it must have beendisappointing. The Turks came out and took the headless trunk, andSmith, according to the terms of the challenge, appropriated the headand presented it to General Moyses.
This ceremonious but still hasty procedure excited the rage of oneGrualgo, the friend of the Bashaw, who sent a particular challenge toSmith to regain his friend's head or lose his own, together with hishorse and armor. Our hero varied the combat this time. The twocombatants shivered lances and then took to pistols; Smith received amark upon the "placard," but so wounded the Turk in his left arm thathe was unable to rule his horse. Smith then unhorsed him, cut offhis head, took possession of head, horse, and armor, but returned therich apparel and the body to his friends in the most gentlemanlymanner.
Captain Smith was perhaps too serious a knight to see the humor ofthese encounters, but he does not lack humor in describing them, andhe adopted easily the witty courtesies of the code he wasillustrating. After he had gathered two heads, and the siege stilldragged, he became in turn the challenger, in phrase as courteouslyand grimly facetious as was permissible, thus:
"To delude time, Smith, with so many incontradictible perswadingreasons, obtained leave that the Ladies might know he was not so muchenamored of their servants' heads, but if any Turke of their rankewould come to the place of combat to redeem them, should have alsohis, upon like conditions, if he could winne it."This considerate invitation was accepted by a person whom Smith, withhis usual contempt for names, calls "Bonny Mulgro." It seemsdifficult to immortalize such an appellation, and it is a pity thatwe have not the real one of the third Turk whom Smith honored bykilling. But Bonny Mulgro, as we must call the worthiest foe thatSmith's prowess encountered, appeared upon the field. Smithunderstands working up a narration, and makes this combat long anddoubtful. The challenged party, who had the choice of weapons, hadmarked the destructiveness of his opponent's lance, and elected,therefore, to fight with pistols and battle-axes. The pistols provedharmless, and then the battle-axes came in play, whose piercing billsmade sometime the one, sometime the other, to have scarce sense tokeep their saddles. Smith received such a blow that he lost hisbattle-axe, whereat the Turks on the ramparts set up a great shout.
"The Turk prosecuted his advantage to the utmost of his power; yetthe other, what by the readiness of his horse, and his judgment anddexterity in such a business, beyond all men's expectations, by God'sassistance, not only avoided the Turke's violence, but having drawnhis Faulchion, pierced the Turke so under the Culets throrow backeand body, that although he alighted from his horse, he stood not longere he lost his head, as the rest had done."There is nothing better than this in all the tales of chivalry, andJohn Smith's depreciation of his inability to equal Caesar indescribing his own exploits, in his dedicatory letter to the Duchessof Richmond, must be taken as an excess of modesty. We are preparedto hear that these beheadings gave such encouragement to the wholearmy that six thousand soldiers, with three led horses, each precededby a soldier bearing a Turk's head on a lance, turned out as a guardto Smith and conducted him to the pavilion of the general, to whom hepresented his trophies. General Moyses (occasionally Smith calls himMoses) took him in his arms and embraced him with much respect, andgave him a fair horse, richly furnished, a scimeter, and a belt worththree hundred ducats. And his colonel advanced him to the positionof sergeant-major of his regiment. If any detail was wanting toround out and reward this knightly performance in strict accord withthe old romances, it was supplied by the subsequent handsome conductof Prince Sigismund.
When the Christians had mounted their guns and made a couple ofbreaches in the walls of Regall, General Moyses ordered an attack onedark night "by the light that proceeded from the murdering musketsand peace-making cannon." The enemy were thus awaited, "whilst theirslothful governor lay in a castle on top of a high mountain, and likea valiant prince asketh what's the matter, when horrour and deathstood amazed at each other, to see who should prevail to make himvictorious." These descriptions show that Smith could handle the penas well as the battleaxe, and distinguish him from the more vulgarfighters of his time. The assault succeeded, but at great cost oflife. The Turks sent a flag of truce and desired a "composition,"but the earl, remembering the death of his father, continued tobatter the town and when he took it put all the men in arms to thesword, and then set their heads upon stakes along the walls, theTurks having ornamented the walls with Christian heads when theycaptured the fortress. Although the town afforded much pillage, theloss of so many troops so mixed the sour with the sweet that GeneralMoyses could only allay his grief by sacking three other towns,Veratis, Solmos, and Kapronka. Taking from these a couple ofthousand prisoners, mostly women and children, Earl Moyses marchednorth to Weisenberg (Alba Julia), and camped near the palace ofPrince Sigismund.
When Sigismund Battori came out to view his army he was madeacquainted with the signal services of Smith at "Olumpagh, Stowell-Weisenberg, and Regall," and rewarded him by conferring upon him,according to the law of--arms, a shield of arms with "three Turks'
heads." This was granted by a letter-patent, in Latin, which isdated at "Lipswick, in Misenland, December 9, 1603" It recites thatSmith was taken captive by the Turks in Wallachia November 18, 1602;that he escaped and rejoined his fellow-soldiers. This patent,therefore, was not given at Alba Julia, nor until Prince Sigismundhad finally left his country, and when the Emperor was, in fact, thePrince of Transylvania. Sigismund styles himself, by the grace ofGod, Duke of Transylvania, etc. Appended to this patent, aspublished in Smith's "True Travels," is a certificate by WilliamSegar, knight of the garter and principal king of arms of England,that he had seen this patent and had recorded a copy of it in theoffice of the Herald of Armes. This certificate is dated August 19,1625, the year after the publication of the General Historie.
Smith says that Prince Sigismund also gave him his picture in gold,and granted him an annual pension of three hundred ducats. Thispromise of a pension was perhaps the most unsubstantial portion ofhis reward, for Sigismund himself became a pensioner shortly afterthe events last narrated.
The last mention of Sigismund by Smith is after his escape fromcaptivity in Tartaria, when this mirror of virtues had abdicated.
Smith visited him at "Lipswicke in Misenland," and the Prince "gavehim his Passe, intimating the service he had done, and the honors hehad received, with fifteen hundred ducats of gold to repair hislosses." The "Passe" was doubtless the "Patent" before introduced,and we hear no word of the annual pension.
Affairs in Transylvania did not mend even after the capture ofRegall, and of the three Turks' heads, and the destruction of so manyvillages. This fruitful and strong country was the prey of faction,and became little better than a desert under the ravages of thecontending armies. The Emperor Rudolph at last determined to conquerthe country for himself, and sent Busca again with a large army.
Sigismund finding himself poorly supported, treated again with theEmperor and agreed to retire to Silicia on a pension. But the EarlMoyses, seeing no prospect of regaining his patrimony, anddetermining not to be under subjection to the Germans, led his troopsagainst Busca, was defeated, and fled to join the Turks. Upon thisdesertion the Prince delivered up all he had to Busca and retired toPrague. Smith himself continued with the imperial party, in theregiment of Earl Meldritch. About this time the Sultan sent oneJeremy to be vaivode of Wallachia, whose tyranny caused the people torise against him, and he fled into Moldavia. Busca proclaimed LordRodoll vaivode in his stead. But Jeremy assembled an army of fortythousand Turks, Tartars, and Moldavians, and retired into Wallachia.
Smith took active part in Rodoll's campaign to recover Wallachia, andnarrates the savage war that ensued. When the armies were encampednear each other at Raza and Argish, Rodoll cut off the heads ofparties he captured going to the Turkish camp, and threw them intothe enemy's trenches. Jeremy retorted by skinning alive theChristian parties he captured, hung their skins upon poles, and theircarcasses and heads on stakes by them. In the first battle Rodollwas successful and established himself in Wallachia, but Jeremyrallied and began ravaging the country. Earl Meldritch was sentagainst him, but the Turks' force was much superior, and theChristians were caught in a trap. In order to reach Rodoll, who wasat Rottenton, Meldritch with his small army was obliged to cut hisway through the solid body of the enemy. A device of Smith'sassisted him. He covered two or three hundred trunks--probably smallbranches of trees--with wild-fire. These fixed upon the heads oflances and set on fire when the troops charged in the night, soterrified the horses of the Turks that they fled in dismay.
Meldritch was for a moment victorious, but when within three leaguesof Rottenton he was overpowered by forty thousand Turks, and the lastdesperate fight followed, in which nearly all the friends of thePrince were slain, and Smith himself was left for dead on the field.
On this bloody field over thirty thousand lay headless, armless,legless, all cut and mangled, who gave knowledge to the world howdear the Turk paid for his conquest of Transylvania and Wallachia--aconquest that might have been averted if the three Christian armieshad been joined against the "cruel devouring Turk." Among the slainwere many Englishmen, adventurers like the valiant Captain whom Smithnames, men who "left there their bodies in testimony of their minds."And there, "Smith among the slaughtered dead bodies, and many agasping soule with toils and wounds lay groaning among the rest, tillbeing found by the Pillagers he was able to live, and perceiving byhis armor and habit, his ransome might be better than his death, theyled him prisoner with many others." The captives were taken toAxopolis and all sold as slaves. Smith was bought by Bashaw Bogall,who forwarded him by way of Adrianople to Constantinople, to be aslave to his mistress. So chained by the necks in gangs of twentythey marched to the city of Constantine, where Smith was deliveredover to the mistress of the Bashaw, the young Charatza Tragabigzanda.