To George F. Babbitt, as to most prosperous citizens of Zenith, his motor car was poetry and tragedy, love and heroism³. The office was his pirate ship but the car his perilous⁴ excursion ashore⁵.  
Among the tremendous crises of each day none was more dramatic than starting the engine. It was slow on cold mornings; there was the long, anxious whirr of the starter; and sometimes he had to drip ether into the cocks of the cylinders⁷, which was so very interesting that at lunch he would chronicle it drop by drop, and orally calculate how much each drop had cost him.
 
This morning he was darkly prepared to find something wrong, and he felt belittled⁸ when the mixture exploded sweet and strong, and the car didn't even brush the door-jamb, gouged⁹ and splintery with many bruisings by fenders, as he backed out of the garage. He was confused. He shouted “Morning!” to Sam Doppelbrau with more cordiality than he had intended.
 
Babbitt's green and white Dutch Colonial house was one of three in that block on Chatham Road. To the left of it was the residence of Mr. Samuel Doppelbrau, secretary of an excellent firm of bathroom-fixture jobbers¹⁰. His was a comfortable house with no architectural manners whatever; a large wooden box with a squat¹¹ tower, a broad porch, and glossy¹² paint yellow as a yolk¹³. Babbitt disapproved¹⁴ of Mr. and Mrs. Doppelbrau as “Bohemian.” From their house came midnight music and obscene laughter; there were neighborhood rumors¹⁵ of bootlegged whisky and fast motor rides. They furnished Babbitt with many happy evenings of discussion, during which he announced firmly, “I'm not strait-laced, and I don't mind seeing a fellow throw in a drink once in a while, but when it comes to deliberately¹⁶ trying to get away with a lot of hell-raising all the while like the Doppelbraus do, it's too rich for my blood!”
 
On the other side of Babbitt lived Howard Littlefield, Ph.D., in a strictly¹⁷ modern house whereof the lower part was dark red tapestry¹⁸ brick, with a leaded oriel, the upper part of pale stucco like spattered clay, and the roof red-tiled. Littlefield was the Great Scholar of the neighborhood; the authority on everything in the world except babies, cooking, and motors. He was a Bachelor of Arts of Blodgett College, and a Doctor of Philosophy in economics of Yale. He was the employment-manager and publicity-counsel of the Zenith Street Traction¹⁹ Company. He could, on ten hours' notice, appear before the board of aldermen or the state legislature and prove, absolutely, with figures all in rows and with precedents²⁰ from Poland and New Zealand, that the street-car company loved the Public and yearned²¹ over its employees; that all its stock was owned by Widows and Orphans²²; and that whatever it desired to do would benefit property-owners by increasing rental²³ values, and help the poor by lowering rents. All his acquaintances turned to Littlefield when they desired to know the date of the battle of Saragossa, the definition of the word “sabotage,” the future of the German mark, the translation of “hinc illae lachrimae,” or the number of products of coal tar⁶. He awed²⁴ Babbitt by confessing that he often sat up till midnight reading the figures and footnotes in Government reports, or skimming (with amusement at the author's mistakes) the latest volumes of chemistry, archeology, and ichthyology.
 
But Littlefield's great value was as a spiritual example. Despite his strange learnings he was as strict a Presbyterian and as firm a Republican as George F. Babbitt. He confirmed the business men in the faith. Where they knew only by passionate²⁵ instinct that their system of industry and manners was perfect, Dr. Howard Littlefield proved it to them, out of history, economics, and the confessions²⁶ of reformed radicals²⁷.
 
Babbitt had a good deal of honest pride in being the neighbor of such a savant, and in Ted's intimacy²⁸ with Eunice Littlefield. At sixteen Eunice was interested in no statistics save those regarding the ages and salaries of motion-picture stars, but—as Babbitt definitively²⁹ put it—“she was her father's daughter.”
 
The difference between a light man like Sam Doppelbrau and a really fine character like Littlefield was revealed in their appearances. Doppelbrau was disturbingly young for a man of forty-eight. He wore his derby on the back of his head, and his red face was wrinkled with meaningless laughter. But Littlefield was old for a man of forty-two. He was tall, broad, thick; his gold-rimmed spectacles were engulfed³⁰ in the folds of his long face; his hair was a tossed mass of greasy³¹ blackness; he puffed³² and rumbled³³ as he talked; his Phi Beta Kappa key shone against a spotty black vest; he smelled of old pipes; he was altogether funereal³⁴ and archidiaconal; and to real-estate brokerage and the jobbing of bathroom-fixtures he added an aroma³⁵ of sanctity.
 
This morning he was in front of his house, inspecting the grass parking between the curb³⁶ and the broad cement sidewalk. Babbitt stopped his car and leaned out to shout “Mornin'!” Littlefield lumbered³⁷ over and stood with one foot up on the running-board.
 
“Fine morning,” said Babbitt, lighting—illegally early—his second cigar of the day.
 
“Yes, it's a mighty³⁸ fine morning,” said Littlefield.
 
“Spring coming along fast now.”
 
“Yes, it's real spring now, all right,” said Littlefield.
 
“Still cold nights, though. Had to have a couple blankets, on the sleeping-porch last night.”
 
“Yes, it wasn't any too warm last night,” said Littlefield.
 
“But I don't anticipate we'll have any more real cold weather now.”
 
“No, but still, there was snow at Tiflis, Montana, yesterday,” said the Scholar, “and you remember the blizzard³⁹ they had out West three days ago—thirty inches of snow at Greeley, Colorado—and two years ago we had a snow-squall right here in Zenith on the twenty-fifth of April.”
 
“Is that a fact! Say, old man, what do you think about the Republican candidate? Who'll they nominate for president? Don't you think it's about time we had a real business administration?”
 
“In my opinion, what the country needs, first and foremost, is a good, sound, business-like conduct of its affairs. What we need is—a business administration!” said Littlefield.
 
“I'm glad to hear you say that! I certainly am glad to hear you say that! I didn't know how you'd feel about it, with all your associations with colleges and so on, and I'm glad you feel that way. What the country needs—just at this present juncture—is neither a college president nor a lot of monkeying with foreign affairs, but a good—sound economical—business—administration, that will give us a chance to have something like a decent turnover⁴⁰.”
 
“Yes. It isn't generally realized that even in China the schoolmen are giving way to more practical men, and of course you can see what that implies.”
 
“Is that a fact! Well, well!” breathed Babbitt, feeling much calmer, and much happier about the way things were going in the world. “Well, it's been nice to stop and parleyvoo a second. Guess I'll have to get down to the office now and sting a few clients. Well, so long, old man. See you tonight. So long.”
 
II
 
They had labored⁴¹, these solid citizens. Twenty years before, the hill on which Floral Heights was spread, with its bright roofs and immaculate turf and amazing comfort, had been a wilderness⁴² of rank second-growth elms and oaks and maples⁴³. Along the precise streets were still a few wooded vacant lots, and the fragment of an old orchard⁴⁴. It was brilliant to-day; the apple boughs⁴⁵ were lit with fresh leaves like torches of green fire. The first white of cherry blossoms flickered⁴⁶ down a gully, and robins⁴⁷ clamored.
 
Babbitt sniffed⁴⁸ the earth, chuckled⁴⁹ at the hysteric robins as he would have chuckled at kittens or at a comic movie. He was, to the eye, the perfect office-going executive—a well-fed man in a correct brown soft hat and frameless spectacles, smoking a large cigar, driving a good motor along a semi-suburban parkway. But in him was some genius of authentic⁵⁰ love for his neighborhood, his city, his clan⁵¹. The winter was over; the time was come for the building, the visible growth, which to him was glory. He lost his dawn depression; he was ruddily cheerful when he stopped on Smith Street to leave the brown trousers, and to have the gasoline-tank filled.
 
The familiarity of the rite⁵² fortified⁵³ him: the sight of the tall red iron gasoline-pump, the hollow-tile and terra-cotta garage, the window full of the most agreeable accessories—shiny casings, spark-plugs with immaculate porcelain⁵⁴ jackets tire-chains of gold and silver. He was flattered by the friendliness⁵⁵ with which Sylvester Moon, dirtiest and most skilled of motor mechanics, came out to serve him. “Mornin', Mr. Babbitt!” said Moon, and Babbitt felt himself a person of importance, one whose name even busy garagemen remembered—not one of these cheap-sports flying around in flivvers. He admired the ingenuity⁵⁶ of the automatic dial, clicking off gallon by gallon; admired the smartness of the sign: “A fill in time saves getting stuck—gas to-day 31 cents”; admired the rhythmic⁵⁷ gurgle of the gasoline as it flowed into the tank, and the mechanical regularity⁵⁸ with which Moon turned the handle.
 
“How much we takin' to-day?” asked Moon, in a manner which combined the independence of the great specialist, the friendliness of a familiar gossip, and respect for a man of weight in the community, like George F. Babbitt.
 
“Fill 'er up.”
 
“Who you rootin' for for Republican candidate, Mr. Babbitt?”
 
“It's too early to make any predictions yet. After all, there's still a good month and two weeks—no, three weeks—must be almost three weeks—well, there's more than six weeks in all before the Republican convention, and I feel a fellow ought to keep an open mind and give all the candidates a show—look 'em all over and size 'em up, and then decide carefully.”
 
“That's a fact, Mr. Babbitt.”
 
“But I'll tell you—and my stand on this is just the same as it was four years ago, and eight years ago, and it'll be my stand four years from now—yes, and eight years from now! What I tell everybody, and it can't be too generally understood, is that what we need first, last, and all the time is a good, sound business administration!”
 
“By golly, that's right!”
 
“How do those front tires look to you?”
 
“Fine! Fine! Wouldn't be much work for garages if everybody looked after their car the way you do.”
 
“Well, I do try and have some sense about it.” Babbitt paid his bill, said adequately, “Oh, keep the change,” and drove off in an ecstasy⁵⁹ of honest self-appreciation. It was with the manner of a Good Samaritan that he shouted at a respectable-looking man who was waiting for a trolley⁶⁰ car, “Have a lift?” As the man climbed in Babbitt condescended⁶¹, “Going clear down-town? Whenever I see a fellow waiting for a trolley, I always make it a practice to give him a lift—unless, of course, he looks like a bum⁶².”
 
“Wish there were more folks that were so generous with their machines,” dutifully said the victim of benevolence⁶³. “Oh, no, 'tain't a question of generosity⁶⁴, hardly. Fact, I always feel—I was saying to my son just the other night—it's a fellow's duty to share the good things of this world with his neighbors, and it gets my goat when a fellow gets stuck on himself and goes around tooting his horn merely because he's charitable.”
 
The victim seemed unable to find the right answer. Babbitt boomed on:
 
“Pretty punk service the Company giving us on these car-lines. Nonsense to only run the Portland Road cars once every seven minutes. Fellow gets mighty cold on a winter morning, waiting on a street corner with the wind nipping at his ankles.”
 
“That's right. The Street Car Company don't care a damn what kind of a deal they give us. Something ought to happen to 'em.”
 
Babbitt was alarmed. “But still, of course it won't do to just keep knocking the Traction Company and not realize the difficulties they're operating under, like these cranks that want municipal ownership. The way these workmen hold up the Company for high wages is simply a crime, and of course the burden falls on you and me that have to pay a seven-cent fare! Fact, there's remarkable⁶⁵ service on all their lines—considering.”
 
“Well—” uneasily.
 
“Darn fine morning,” Babbitt explained. “Spring coming along fast.”
 
“Yes, it's real spring now.”
 
The victim had no originality⁶⁶, no wit, and Babbitt fell into a great silence and devoted⁶⁷ himself to the game of beating trolley cars to the corner: a spurt⁶⁸, a tail-chase, nervous speeding between the huge yellow side of the trolley and the jagged row of parked motors, shooting past just as the trolley stopped—a rare game and valiant⁶⁹.
 
And all the while he was conscious of the loveliness of Zenith. For weeks together he noticed nothing but clients and the vexing⁷⁰ To Rent signs of rival brokers⁷¹. To-day, in mysterious malaise, he raged or rejoiced with equal nervous swiftness, and to-day the light of spring was so winsome⁷² that he lifted his head and saw.
 
He admired each district along his familiar route to the office: The bungalows⁷⁴ and shrubs⁷⁵ and winding⁷⁶ irregular drive ways of Floral Heights. The one-story shops on Smith Street, a glare of plate-glass and new yellow brick; groceries and laundries and drug-stores to supply the more immediate⁷⁷ needs of East Side housewives. The market gardens in Dutch Hollow, their shanties⁷⁸ patched with corrugated⁷⁹ iron and stolen doors. Billboards⁸⁰ with crimson⁸¹ goddesses nine feet tall advertising⁸² cinema films, pipe tobacco, and talcum powder. The old “mansions” along Ninth Street, S. E., like aged² dandies in filthy⁸³ linen⁸⁴; wooden castles turned into boarding-houses, with muddy walks and rusty⁸⁵ hedges, jostled by fast-intruding garages, cheap apartment-houses, and fruit-stands conducted by bland⁸⁶, sleek⁸⁷ Athenians. Across the belt of railroad-tracks, factories with high-perched water-tanks and tall stacks-factories producing condensed milk, paper boxes, lighting-fixtures, motor cars. Then the business center, the thickening darting⁸⁸ traffic, the crammed⁸⁹ trolleys⁹⁰ unloading, and high doorways⁹¹ of marble and polished granite⁹².
 
It was big—and Babbitt respected bigness in anything; in mountains, jewels, muscles, wealth, or words. He was, for a spring-enchanted moment, the lyric⁹³ and almost unselfish lover of Zenith. He thought of the outlying factory suburbs; of the Chaloosa River with its strangely eroded⁹⁴ banks; of the orchard-dappled Tonawanda Hills to the North, and all the fat dairy land and big barns and comfortable herds⁹⁵. As he dropped his passenger he cried, “Gosh, I feel pretty good this morning!” III
 
Epochal as starting the car was the drama of parking it before he entered his office. As he turned from Oberlin Avenue round the corner into Third Street, N.E., he peered ahead for a space in the line of parked cars. He angrily just missed a space as a rival driver slid into it. Ahead, another car was leaving the curb, and Babbitt slowed up, holding out his hand to the cars pressing on him from behind, agitatedly⁹⁶ motioning an old woman to go ahead, avoiding a truck which bore down on him from one side. With front wheels nicking the wrought-steel bumper⁹⁷ of the car in front, he stopped, feverishly⁹⁸ cramped⁹⁹ his steering-wheel, slid back into the vacant space and, with eighteen inches of room, manoeuvered to bring the car level with the curb. It was a virile¹⁰⁰ adventure masterfully executed. With satisfaction he locked a thief-proof steel wedge on the front wheel, and crossed the street to his real-estate office on the ground floor of the Reeves Building.
 
The Reeves Building was as fireproof as a rock and as efficient as a typewriter; fourteen stories of yellow pressed brick, with clean, upright, unornamented lines. It was filled with the offices of lawyers, doctors, agents for machinery¹⁰¹, for emery wheels, for wire fencing, for mining-stock. Their gold signs shone on the windows. The entrance was too modern to be flamboyant¹⁰² with pillars; it was quiet, shrewd, neat. Along the Third Street side were a Western union Telegraph Office, the Blue Delft Candy Shop, Shotwell's Stationery¹⁰³ Shop, and the Babbitt-Thompson Realty Company.
 
Babbitt could have entered his office from the street, as customers did, but it made him feel an insider to go through the corridor of the building and enter by the back door. Thus he was greeted by the villagers.
 
The little unknown people who inhabited the Reeves Building corridors—elevator-runners, starter, engineers, superintendent¹⁰⁴, and the doubtful-looking lame¹⁰⁵ man who conducted the news and cigar stand—were in no way city-dwellers. They were rustics¹⁰⁶, living in a constricted¹⁰⁷ valley, interested only in one another and in The Building. Their Main Street was the entrance hall, with its stone floor, severe marble ceiling, and the inner windows of the shops. The liveliest place on the street was the Reeves Building Barber Shop, but this was also Babbitt's one embarrassment¹⁰⁸. Himself, he patronized the glittering Pompeian Barber Shop in the Hotel Thornleigh, and every time he passed the Reeves shop—ten times a day, a hundred times—he felt untrue to his own village.
 
Now, as one of the squirearchy, greeted with honorable salutations by the villagers, he marched into his office, and peace and dignity were upon him, and the morning's dissonances all unheard.
 
They were heard again, immediately.
 
Stanley Graff, the outside salesman, was talking on the telephone with tragic¹⁰⁹ lack of that firm manner which disciplines clients: “Say, uh, I think I got just the house that would suit you—the Percival House, in Linton.... Oh, you've seen it. Well, how'd it strike you?... Huh? ...Oh,” irresolutely¹¹⁰, “oh, I see.”
 
As Babbitt marched into his private room, a coop with semi-partition of oak and frosted glass, at the back of the office, he reflected how hard it was to find employees who had his own faith that he was going to make sales.
 
There were nine members of the staff, besides Babbitt and his partner and father-in-law, Henry Thompson, who rarely came to the office. The nine were Stanley Graff, the outside salesman—a youngish man given to cigarettes and the playing of pool; old Mat Penniman, general utility man, collector of rents and salesman of insurance—broken, silent, gray; a mystery, reputed to have been a “crack” real-estate man with a firm of his own in haughty¹¹¹ Brooklyn; Chester Kirby Laylock, resident salesman out at the Glen Oriole acreage development—an enthusiastic person with a silky mustache and much family; Miss Theresa McGoun, the swift and rather pretty stenographer¹¹²; Miss Wilberta Bannigan, the thick, slow, laborious¹¹³ accountant and file-clerk; and four freelance part-time commission salesmen.
 
As he looked from his own cage into the main room Babbitt mourned, “McGoun's a good stenog., smart's a whip, but Stan Graff and all those bums—” The zest¹¹⁴ of the spring morning was smothered¹¹⁵ in the stale office air.
 
Normally he admired the office, with a pleased surprise that he should have created this sure lovely thing; normally he was stimulated¹¹⁶ by the clean newness of it and the air of bustle¹¹⁷; but to-day it seemed flat—the tiled floor, like a bathroom, the ocher-colored metal ceiling, the faded maps on the hard plaster walls, the chairs of varnished¹¹⁸ pale oak, the desks and filing-cabinets of steel painted in olive drab. It was a vault¹¹⁹, a steel chapel¹²⁰ where loafing and laughter were raw sin.
 
He hadn't even any satisfaction in the new water-cooler! And it was the very best of water-coolers, up-to-date, scientific, and right-thinking. It had cost a great deal of money (in itself a virtue). It possessed¹²¹ a non-conducting fiber¹²² ice-container, a porcelain water-jar (guaranteed hygienic), a drip-less non-clogging sanitary¹²³ faucet¹²⁴, and machine-painted decorations in two tones of gold. He looked down the relentless¹²⁵ stretch of tiled floor at the water-cooler, and assured himself that no tenant¹²⁶ of the Reeves Building had a more expensive one, but he could not recapture the feeling of social superiority it had given him. He astoundingly grunted¹²⁷, “I'd like to beat it off to the woods right now. And loaf all day. And go to Gunch's again to-night, and play poker¹²⁸, and cuss as much as I feel like, and drink a hundred and nine-thousand bottles of beer.”
 
He sighed; he read through his mail; he shouted “Msgoun,” which meant “Miss McGoun”; and began to dictate¹²⁹.
 
This was his own version of his first letter:
 
“Omar Gribble, send it to his office, Miss McGoun, yours of twentieth to hand and in reply would say look here, Gribble, I'm awfully¹³⁰ afraid if we go on shilly-shallying like this we'll just naturally lose the Allen sale, I had Allen up on carpet day before yesterday and got right down to cases and think I can assure you—uh, uh, no, change that: all my experience indicates he is all right, means to do business, looked into his financial record which is fine—that sentence seems to be a little balled up, Miss McGoun; make a couple sentences out of it if you have to, period, new paragraph.
 
“He is perfectly¹³¹ willing to pro¹ rate the special assessment¹³² and strikes me, am dead sure there will be no difficulty in getting him to pay for title insurance, so now for heaven's sake let's get busy—no, make that: so now let's go to it and get down—no, that's enough—you can tie those sentences up a little better when you type 'em, Miss McGoun—your sincerely, etcetera.”
 
This is the version of his letter which he received, typed, from Miss McGoun that afternoon:
 
     BABBITT-THOMPSON REALTY CO.
     Homes for Folks
     Reeves Bldg., Oberlin Avenue & 3d St., N.E
     Zenith
Omar Gribble, Esq., 376 North American Building, Zenith.
 
Dear Mr. Gribble:
 
Your letter of the twentieth to hand. I must say I'm awfully afraid that if we go on shilly-shallying like this we'll just naturally lose the Allen sale. I had Allen up on the carpet day before yesterday, and got right down to cases. All my experience indicates that he means to do business. I have also looked into his financial record, which is fine.
 
He is perfectly willing to pro rate the special assessment and there will be no difficulty in getting him to pay for title insurance.
 
SO LET'S GO! Yours sincerely,
 
As he read and signed it, in his correct flowing business-college hand, Babbitt reflected, “Now that's a good, strong letter, and clear's a bell. Now what the—I never told McGoun to make a third paragraph there! Wish she'd quit trying to improve on my dictation! But what I can't understand is: why can't Stan Graff or Chet Laylock write a letter like that? With punch! With a kick!”
 
The most important thing he dictated¹³³ that morning was the fortnightly form-letter, to be mimeographed and sent out to a thousand “prospects.” It was diligently¹³⁴ imitative of the best literary models of the day; of heart-to-heart-talk advertisements, “sales-pulling” letters, discourses¹³⁵ on the “development of Will-power,” and hand-shaking house-organs, as richly poured forth¹³⁶ by the new school of Poets of Business. He had painfully written out a first draft, and he intoned it now like a poet delicate and distrait¹³⁷:
 
SAY, OLD MAN! I just want to know can I do you a whaleuva favor? Honest! No kidding! I know you're interested in getting a house, not merely a place where you hang up the old bonnet¹³⁸ but a love-nest for the wife and kiddies—and maybe for the flivver out beyant (be sure and spell that b-e-y-a-n-t, Miss McGoun) the spud garden. Say, did you ever stop to think that we're here to save you trouble? That's how we make a living—folks don't pay us for our lovely beauty! Now take a look:
 
Sit right down at the handsome carved mahogany escritoire and shoot us in a line telling us just what you want, and if we can find it we'll come hopping¹³⁹ down your lane with the good tidings, and if we can't, we won't bother you. To save your time, just fill out the blank enclosed. On request will also send blank regarding store properties in Floral Heights, Silver Grove¹⁴⁰, Linton, Bellevue, and all East Side residential¹⁴¹ districts.
 
Yours for service,
 
P.S.—Just a hint of some plums we can pick for you—some genuine bargains that came in to-day:
 
SILVER GROVE.—Cute four-room California bungalow⁷³, a.m.i., garage, dandy shade tree, swell¹⁴² neighborhood, handy car line. $3700, $780 down and balance liberal, Babbitt-Thompson terms, cheaper than rent.
 
DORCHESTER.—A corker! Artistic¹⁴³ two-family house, all oak trim, parquet¹⁴⁴ floors, lovely gas log, big porches, colonial, HEATED ALL-WEATHER GARAGE, a bargain at $11,250.
 
Dictation over, with its need of sitting and thinking instead of bustling¹⁴⁵ around and making a noise and really doing something, Babbitt sat creakily back in his revolving¹⁴⁶ desk-chair and beamed on Miss McGoun. He was conscious of her as a girl, of black bobbed hair against demure¹⁴⁷ cheeks. A longing¹⁴⁸ which was indistinguishable from loneliness enfeebled him. While she waited, tapping a long, precise pencil-point on the desk-tablet, he half identified her with the fairy girl of his dreams. He imagined their eyes meeting with terrifying recognition; imagined touching¹⁴⁹ her lips with frightened reverence¹⁵⁰ and—She was chirping¹⁵¹, “Any more, Mist' Babbitt?” He grunted, “That winds it up, I guess,” and turned heavily away.
 
For all his wandering thoughts, they had never been more intimate than this. He often reflected, “Nev' forget how old Jake Offutt said a wise bird never goes love-making in his own office or his own home. Start trouble. Sure. But—”
 
In twenty-three years of married life he had peered uneasily at every graceful¹⁵² ankle, every soft shoulder; in thought he had treasured them; but not once had he hazarded respectability by adventuring. Now, as he calculated the cost of repapering the Styles house, he was restless again, discontented about nothing and everything, ashamed of his discontentment, and lonely for the fairy girl.