[448]
Illustration of Georgia state seal
GEORGIA.
This State was the last settled of the original thirteen. It was founded in the benevolent anxiety of Gen. James Oglethorpe and others to relieve the distresses of the poor in England. Those imprisoned for debt were sent out in large numbers. With this object was connected the desire to prevent the extension of the Spanish settlements in Florida, and the English government favored the undertaking. This class of settlers proving indolent and improvident, a better was attracted by laying off many towns, in the best locations, and offering fifty acres free to every actual settler. Many Scotch and German emigrants improved this opportunity, to the great advantage of the colony.
Gen. Oglethorpe imitated the wise conduct of Penn, in his treaties with the Indians.
He commenced his settlement at Savannah, in 1733, cheerfully assisted by the South Carolinians, who were pleased to see a barrier placed between them and the Spaniards. Oglethorpe had several conflicts with them, and succeeded in protecting his colony. The introduction of slaves was at first forbidden; but, as the colony seemed to fall behind the neighboring provinces for want of laborers, the restriction was removed. In 1752 the company gave up their charter, and Georgia became a royal province. It took part with the other colonies in resistance to the aggressions of the English ministry, at the Revolutionary period, and its condition during the war was similar to that of North and South Carolina. Being new, and on the frontier, it was not conspicuous.
The northern part of the State is uneven, the central and[449] lower sections productive under a wise and careful culture, but easily exhausted under bad management. She has long navigable rivers, and her manufacturing and commercial capabilities are excellent. The system of slave-labor and the misfortunes of the Civil War have embarrassed her progress, but the energy of her people is fast raising her to her proper rank as a flourishing State.
Georgia has an area of 52,009 square miles, equal to 33,285,760 acres. She was named after George II.
The population in 1870 was 1,200,000, which entitles her to nine Representatives in Congress.
The State lies in the fifth judicial circuit, and has two judicial districts; also four ports of entry—Savannah, Brunswick, St. Mary’s, and Hardwicke; and two ports of delivery—Augusta and Sunbury.
The capital is Atlanta. The State election is held on the first Tuesday in August. The Legislature meets on the second Wednesday in January.
The enacting clause of her laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Georgia in General Assembly met; and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
William Few, from 1789 to 1793.
James Gunn, ” 1789 ” 1801.
James Jackson, ” { 1793 ” 1795.
1801 ” 1806.
George Walton, ” 1795 ” 1796.
Josiah Tatnall, ” 1796 ” 1799.
A. Baldwin, ” { 1796 ” 1805.
1805 ” 1807.
J. Melledge, ” 1806 ” 1809.
George Jones, ” 1807 ” 1807.
W. H. Crawford, ” 1807 ” 1813.
Charles Tait, ” { 1809 ” 1813.[450]
1813 ” 1819.
W. B. Bullock, ” 1813 ” 1813.
William W. Bibb, ” 1813 ” 1816.
G. M. Troup, ” { 1815 ” 1818.
1829 ” 1833.
John Forsyth, ” { 1819 ” 1819.
1829 ” 1837.
F. Walker, ” 1819 ” 1821.
John Elliot, ” 1819 ” 1821.
Nicholas Ware, ” 1821 ” 1823.
T. W. Cobb, ” 1824 ” 1828.
O. H. Prince, ” 1828 ” 1829.
John P. King, ” 1833 ” 1837.
W. Lumpkin, ” 1837 ” 1841.
J. M. Berrien, ” { 1825 ” 1829.
1841 ” 1851.
A. Cuthbert, ” 1837 ” 1843.
W. T. Colquitt, ” 1843 ” 1849.
H. V. Johnson, ” 1848 ” 1849.
W. C. Dawson, ” 1849 ” 1855.
Robert Toombs, ” 1853 ” 1861.
R. M. Charleton, ” 1852 ” 1853.
Alfred Iverson, ” 1855 ” 1861.
Joshua Hill, ” 1871 ” 1873.
Foster Blodgett, ” 1871 ” 1871.
Thomas M. Norwood, ” 1871 ” 1877.
John B. Gordon, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Illustration of North Carolina state seal
NORTH CAROLINA.
A Florentine navigator, sent out by Francis I., King of France, first published an account of this region. He visited[451] it in 1524. Ribault, a French protestant, sent out with a colony by Admiral Coligni, in 1564, named the southern coast Carolina, from Charles IX. (in Latin Carolus), King of France. The colony was not permanent. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island. Some fifty years later the colonists of Virginia made a settlement in the limits of this State, called Albemarle. This territory was patented to a company of noblemen. The first colony, founded before this patent was issued, and enjoying entire liberty, became an asylum from the religious intolerance, almost universal at that time. In 1666 they numbered 800.
Many French Huguenots, attracted by this freedom and the mild climate and extreme fertility of the soil, settled here and added greatly to the industrious and virtuous elements of the population. The revolutionary struggle was singularly bitter and bloody in this State and South Carolina, from the number and sanguinary character of the royalists and tories, and from the partisan or guerrilla mode of warfare adopted.
The majority were, however, determined and valiant patriots, and rendered it impossible for the British to establish a firm control over this part of the country.
The eastern surface is low, the western mountainous, and much of the midland is covered with pine forests which produce large quantities of turpentine. The soil is favorable to agriculture. Yams, rice, and cotton, in addition to the cereals, are raised with success. The fisheries in Albemarle Sound are an important source of wealth. A large number of minerals are found in the State. Like most of the Southern States, its resources have been but partially developed.
This is one of the original thirteen States, and has an area of 50,704 square miles, equal to 32,450,560 acres, with a population of 1,069,614 (one-third colored), and entitled to eight members of Congress. North Carolina, by act of 1866, was located in the fourth judicial circuit, which is composed of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, and[452] South Carolina; and is divided into three judicial districts, called the districts of Albemarle, Pamlico, and Cape Fear. The collection districts, and the ports of entry and delivery in this State have been so often modified and discontinued that there is some uncertainty as to the number. There are, as near as we can determine, ten districts, ten ports of entry, and nine ports of delivery.
Raleigh is the capital. There the Legislature meets biennially on the first Monday in November. The State election is held on the first Thursday in August.
The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Samuel Johnson, from 1789 to 1793.
Benjamin Hawkins, ” 1789 ” 1795.
Alexander Martin, ” 1793 ” 1799.
Timothy Bloodworth, ” 1795 ” 1801.
Jesse Franklin ” { 1799 ” 1805.
1807 ” 1813.
David Stone, ” 1801 ” 1813.
James Turner, ” 1805 ” 1816.
Nathaniel Macon, ” 1815 ” 1828.
James Iredell, ” 1828 ” 1831.
Montford Stokes, ” 1816 ” 1823.
John Branch, ” 1823 ” 1829.
Bedford Brown, ” 1829 ” 1840.
Willie P. Mangum, ” { 1840 ” 1853.
1831 ” 1836.
Robert Strange, ” 1836 ” 1840.
William A. Graham, ” 1840 ” 1843.
William H. Haywood, ” 1843 ” 1846.
George E. Badger, ” 1846 ” 1855.
Asa Biggs, ” 1854 ” 1858.
David S. Reed, ” 1855 ” 1859.
[453]Thomas L. Clingman, ” 1858 ” 1861.
Thomas Bragg, ” 1859 ” 1861.
Joseph C. Abbott, ” 1868 ” 1871.
John Pool, ” 1868 ” 1873.
Zebulon B. Vance, ” 1871 ” 1873.
Matthew W. Ransom, ” —— ” 1877.
Augustus S. Merriman, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Illustration of New York state seal
NEW YORK.
The “Empire State” is very fortunately situated for the promotion of all the interests that form the basis of prosperity of a Nation. It contains the commercial metropolis of the country, which is connected, by its great navigable river, the Hudson, and the Erie canal, with the fertile interior and the commerce of the chain of great lakes in the west; while Lakes Ontario and Champlain furnish the means of profitable trade with Canada on the north. As its natural commercial facilities are unrivaled, so also, every auxiliary that can be furnished by art is employed to develop its resources and to attract trade and manufactures.
Its river was discovered by the celebrated navigator, Captain Henry Hudson, in 1609, and he gave it his name. He was employed, at this time by the Dutch, who claimed and settled the territory in the following year. They established posts on Manhattan Island, where New York now stands, and at Albany—calling the country in general, New Netherlands. They held it until 1644; laying claim, also, to Connecticut and New Jersey. Their rule was despotic, and when the Duke of York, afterward James II., King of England, sent a squadron to enforce English claims to it, the inhabitants declined to resist, and it became an English colony without a struggle. The city[454] and colony received the name of New York and continued henceforth in English hands. Its position favored a steady-growth in population and wealth; and it took an active part in the Revolution. Its central position made it the pivot of the war, the leading struggles taking place in or near it. New York city was held by the British during most of the war, but the skillful strategy and watchfulness of Washington, and the valor of his officers and troops preserved the river in American hands throughout. It ratified the Constitution July 26th, 1788, and soon outstripped every State in all things, except education, no State being able to compare with Massachusetts in that respect.
New York is the largest and richest city in the union. The State abounds in salt and mineral springs, and its central and western parts are unexcelled for agriculture; while the eastern, more mountainous, but nearer to markets, and more abundant in water power, is equally favorable to grazing and manufactures.
Its area is 47,000 square miles, equal to 30,080,000 acres. The population in 1870 was larger than that of any other State, being officially stated at 4,364,411. It has thirty-three Members of Congress.
It forms part of the second judicial circuit, and has three judicial districts; eleven ports of entry, and fourteen ports of delivery, with the privilege of eight or nine others if the President of the United States deems them necessary.
The Capital is Albany. The State elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and the Legislature meets on the first Tuesday in January in each year. The style of the enacting clause is: “Be it enacted by the people of the State of New York represented in Senate and Assembly.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Philip Schuyler, from 1789 to 1791.
Rufus King, ” { 1789 ” 1796.
1813 ” 1825.
[455]Aaron Burr, ” 1791 ” 1797.
John Lawrence, ” 1796 ” 1800.
John S. Hobart, ” 1798 ” 1798.
William North, ” 1798 ” 1798.
James Watson, ” 1798 Resigned.
Governeur Morris, ” 1800 ” 1803.
John Armstrong, ” { 1800 ” 1802.
1803 ” 1804.
DeWitt Clinton, ” 1802 ” 1803.
Theodore Bailey, ” 1803 ” 1804.
Samuel L. Mitchell, ” 1804 ” 1809.
John Smith, ” 1804 ” 1813.
Obadiah German, ” 1809 ” 1815.
Nathan Sanford, ” { 1815 ” 1821.
1825 ” 1831.
Martin Van Buren, ” 1821 ” 1829.
Charles Dudley, ” 1829 ” 1833.
William L. Marcy, ” 1831 ” 1833.
Nath’l P. Tallmadge, ” 1833 ” 1844.
Silas Wright, ” 1833 ” 1844.
Daniel S. Dickinson, ” 1844 ” 1851.
Henry A. Foster, ” 1844 ” 1845.
John A. Dix, ” 1845 ” 1849.
William H. Seward, ” 1849 ” 1861.
Hamilton Fish, ” 1851 ” 1857.
Preston King, ” 1857 ” 1863.
Ira Harris, ” 1861 ” 1867.
Edwin D. Morgan, ” 1863 ” 1869.
Roscoe Conkling, ” 1867 ” 1879.
Reuben E. Fenton, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Francis Kernan, ” 1875 ” 1881.
[456]
Illustration of Pennsylvania state seal
PENNSYLVANIA.
“The Keystone State” has been eminently fortunate in three various ways. Its founder, William Penn, happily united benevolence and high political wisdom, with a thrifty and prudent economy, and possessed sufficient influence and tact to infuse his colony with his own qualities to a large degree, and the advantages acquired in the beginning, have shed their favoring influence on all its future, to the present time.
Penn, as proprietor of his province, had almost kingly power; yet, as a law-giver, he acknowledged the liberties of the people, and accustomed them to many of the forms of self-government afterward incorporated into the Constitution of the United States. His just and conciliatory conduct toward the Indians, and the exemption of Pennsylvania from barbarous Indian wars, in consequence, proves the utility of the practice of unvarying justice and kindness toward them; and stands in strong and significant contrast with the opposite course, so often pursued, and with results so distressing.
A colony was established by Penn in the southeastern part of the State, in the year 1682. The government was conducted by a governor, a council of three, and a House of Delegates, chosen by the people. The largest religious liberty was allowed, and punishment of crime was mitigated from the severity, customary in those times, to something like the mildness now practiced among us.
The colony enjoyed seventy years of enlightened government, and prospered greatly. A large immigration of hardy and thrifty Germans and Swedes spread over the State and supplied,[457] in Revolutionary times, the “fighting material” which the religious principles of the Quakers forbade them to furnish.
The second eminent advantage of the State, was in its central position, the facilities furnished to commerce and trade by the Delaware river on its eastern boundary, and the Ohio, on the west, connecting it with the valley of the Mississippi.
The third superiority, later in development in some of its features, relates to its wealth of resources. Lying midway between north and south, its climate is temperate and mild. Its soil on the eastern border and along the valleys of its numerous rivers is of great fertility; while its inexhaustible coal deposits are far more valuable in promoting the steady growth of her citizens in wealth than mines of gold. Iron, copper, zinc, marble and slate are, apparently, inexhaustible. Her railroads and canals furnish a suitable means for the development of these resources, and the transportation for all her valuable commodities to profitable markets, and prove her later citizens to have inherited the economic wisdom and thrift of the founder of their State.
Pennsylvania valiantly bore the share in the struggles and sacrifices of the Revolution to which her position, her wealth and numbers, called her. Philadelphia—“The City of Brotherly Love” (the name means this,) was the first capital of the Republic. It was there that the Declaration of Independence was originated and signed.
Its area is 46,000 square miles, equal to 29,440,000 acres. The population in 1870 was 3,515,993, entitling her to twenty-seven Representatives in Congress.
It is in the third judicial circuit; and forms two judicial districts. There are two ports of entry, and two collection districts. Harrisburg is the capital; the Legislature assembling on the first Tuesday in January, the State elections being held the second Tuesday in October.
The enacting clause of her laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of[458] Pennsylvania in General Assembly met; and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
William Maclay, from 1789 to 1791.
Robert Morris, ” 1789 ” 1795.
Albert Gallatin, ” 1793 ” 1794.
James Ross, ” 1794 ” 1803.
William Bingham, ” 1795 ” 1801.
Peter Muhlenburgh, ” 1801 ” 1802.
Samuel Maclay, ” 1803 ” 1808.
Michael Leib, ” 1808 ” 1814.
Andrew Gregg, ” 1807 ” 1813.
Abner Lacock, ” 1813 ” 1819.
Jonathan Roberts, ” 1814 ” 1821.
Walter Lawrie, ” 1819 ” 1825.
William Findlay, ” 1821 ” 1827.
William Marks, ” 1825 ” 1831.
Isaac D. Barnard, ” 1827 ” 1831.
George M. Dallas, ” 1831 ” 1833.
William Wilkins, ” 1831 ” 1834.
Samuel McKean, ” 1833 ” 1839.
James Buchanan, ” 1834 ” 1845.
Daniel Sturgeon, ” { 1839 ” 1851.
1845 ” 1849.
Simon Cameron, ” { 1857 ” 1861.
1867 ” 1873.
James Cooper, ” 1849 ” 1855.
Charles E. Buckalew, ” 1863 ” 1869.
Richard Broadhead, ” 1851 ” 1857.
William Bigler, ” 1855 ” 1861.
Edgar Cowan, ” 1861 ” 1867.
David Wilmot, ” 1861 ” 1863.
John Scott, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Simon Cameron, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Wm. A. Wallace, ” 1875 ” 1881.
[459]
Illustration of Virginia state seal
VIRGINIA.
“The Old Dominion,” as this State has been called, in familiar style, has certain high claims to such a distinctive appellation. It was the colony in which the first permanent settlement was made, and for fourteen years before the perils of the wilderness were encountered by the Puritan Fathers of New England, it confronted famine and Indian hostility. Its people were quite different in character from those of most of the other colonies. While many were from the lowest classes, a goodly number of the gentry and nobility of England were transplanted to this colony. Some were men of wealth, character and influence; and the hereditary value of that element became conspicuous when revolutionary times came, and the colonial government, which had been from the first, kept closely dependent on the royal will, being set aside, permitted to this class a free field of action. None were more eloquent, more zealous, more valiant or wise, during the “time that tried men’s souls.” The talents, patriotism, and wisdom of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and many others almost equally useful, attest the quality of the Virginian stock of patriots, and shed honor on their native State.
It was settled in 1607, at Jamestown. The infant colony was long exposed to danger of destruction by Indian hostility; but, favored by circumstances, grew up to strength, and became a protection to others. An almost constant struggle was maintained with the royal governors, who were disposed to encroach on their liberties. Notwithstanding the number of decayed and worthless gentlemen, and the dregs of the English populace, who entered as components into her population, as a[460] whole, they proved worthy of the republic they so largely helped to rear. Their best blood was spilled in its cause, and their material support was never withheld in time of need.
This State is much varied in surface. In the southeast it is low and level; in the west and northwest mountainous, with numerous large streams and fertile vallies, and a charming climate. Its mineral wealth of coal, iron and salt is very great; its water power for manufacturing purposes unsurpassed; and its commercial position everything to be desired. None of these advantages have been more than partially improved; and the future of the State is destined to be exceedingly brilliant. Old and nourishing colleges testify to the interest taken in education; and railroads and other means of internal development have already prepared the way for its greatness. She exports tobacco, flour, oysters, and cotton, and her agricultural wealth is constantly improving.
Virginia is also one of the original thirteen States, and had an area previous to the division in 1862, of 61,352 square miles, equal to 39,265,280 acres; but after West Virginia was set off as a separate State, there were but 38,352 square miles left of this once great State, equal to 24,545,280 acres.
The population in 1860 amounted to 1,596,318, which entitles the State to nine Members of Congress. By the division the number of Representatives was cut down to nine; the new State receiving three out of the twelve. Population in 1870, 1,224,830.
Virginia lies in the fourth judicial circuit, which by the act of 1866, was composed of this State, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina and South Carolina. There were two judicial districts in this State, anterior to the division; the Eastern and the Western. There is now but one.
There were also twelve collection districts in this State, and twelve ports of entry, all of which remain the same as they were before West Virginia was cut off, for they were all located on the Atlantic coast, or on the bays and rivers running into the Atlantic Ocean; there are also ten ports of delivery.
Richmond is the capital. The State election is held on the[461] Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the first Monday in December.
The enacting clause of the laws of Virginia is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
William Grayson, from 1789 to 1790.
Richard H. Lee, ” 1789 ” 1792.
John Walker, ” 1790 ” 1790.
James Monroe, ” { 1790 ” 1794.
1792 ” 1794.
John Taylor, ” { 1803 ” 1805.
1822 ” 1824.
Stephen T. Mason, ” 1794 ” 1803.
John Tazewell, ” 1794 ” 1799.
Wilson C. Nichols, ” 1799 ” 1804.
Abraham B. Venable, ” 1803 ” 1804.
William B. Giles, ” 1804 ” 1815.
Andrew Moore, ” 1804 ” 1809.
Richard Brent, ” 1809 ” 1815.
James Barbour, ” 1815 ” 1825.
Armistead T. Mason, ” 1816 ” 1817.
John W. Eppes, ” 1817 ” 1819.
James Pleasant, ” 1819 ” 1822.
John Randolph, ” 1825 ” 1827.
Littleton W. Tazewell, ” 1824 ” 1832.
John Tyler, ” 1827 ” 1836.
William C. Rives, ” { 1832 ” 1834.
1836 ” 1845.
Benjamin W. Leigh, ” 1834 ” 1836.
Richard E. Parker, ” 1836 ” 1837.
William H. Roane, ” 1837 ” 1841.
William S. Archer, ” 1841 ” 1847.
Isaac S. Pennybacker, ” 1845 ” 1847.
James M. Mason, ” 1847 ” 1861.
R. M. T. Hunter, ” 1847 ” 1861.
John W. Johnston, ” 1870 ” 1877.
John F. Lewis, ” 1870 ” 1875.
Robert E. Withers, ” 1875 ” 1881.
[462]
Illustration of South Carolina state seal
SOUTH CAROLINA.
The first permanent settlement in this State was made in 1670, at Port Royal, where the French Huguenots had failed three-quarters of a century before. The noble company who had received a charter for the settlement and government of the Carolinas employed the celebrated philosopher, John Locke, to draw up a philosophical plan of government, which they attempted to carry into effect to the great annoyance of the colonists. It proved impracticable, and was finally abandoned.
The French introduced the culture of the vine with success, and rice was brought at an early day from Madagascar, the cultivation of which became extensive.
Many vexations were endured by the colonists by the injudicious management of the proprietary government, and at length they, by petition, obtained a revocation of the charter, receiving, in 1720, a governor appointed by the crown. They endured for many years all the horrors of warfare with the Tuscarora Indians, whom they finally defeated and expelled. Rutledge, Sumpter, and Marion were distinguished leaders of the patriots during the occupation of the State by the British forces; employing with success a partisan warfare, and defying the efforts of a superior British force to hold the State in subjection.
The climate has been likened to that of Italy, and the products of the north and of the tropics are equally cultivated. The State abounds in agricultural and manufacturing resources, and has a fine commercial position.
South Carolina is one of the original thirteen States, and[463] has an area of 29,385 square miles, making 18,806,400 acres, with a population, in 1870, of 728,000, (over half colored,) which gives her five Members of Congress.
By an act of 1866, South Carolina was located in the fourth judicial circuit; it is divided into two judicial districts, called the Eastern and Western.
There are three collection districts in this State, and four ports of entry, to-wit: Georgetown, Charleston, Beaufort and Port Royal; but no ports of delivery.
The capital is Columbia. The State elections are held on the fourth Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the third Wednesday in October.
The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives, now met and sitting in General Assembly, and by authority of the same.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Pierce Butler, from { 1790 to 1796.
1802 ” 1804.
Ralph Izard, ” 1789 ” 1795.
Jacob Read, ” 1795 ” 1801.
John Hunter, ” 1796 ” 1798.
Charles Pinckney, ” 1798 ” 1801.
Thomas Sumpter, ” 1801 ” 1810.
John E. Calhoun, ” 1801 ” 1802.
John Gaillard, ” 1804 ” 1826.
John Taylor, ” 1810 ” 1816.
William Smith, ” { 1816 ” 1823.
1826 ” 1831.
William Harper, ” 1826 ” 1826.
Robert J. Hane, ” 1823 ” 1832.
Stephen D. Miller, ” 1831 ” 1833.
John C. Calhoun, ” { 1832 ” 1842.
1845 ” 1850.
William C. Preston, ” 1833 ” 1842.
[464]Daniel E. Huger, ” 1842 ” 1845.
George McDuffie, ” 1842 ” 1846.
Andrew P. Butler, ” 1846 ” 1857.
Franklin H. Elmore, ” 1850 ” 1850.
Robert W. Barnwell, ” 1850 ” 1852.
William Desaussure, ” 1852 ” 1852.
Josiah Evans, ” 1852 ” 1858.
James H. Hammond, ” 1857 ” 1860.
James Chestnut, ” 1858 ” 1861.
Arthur P. Hayne, ” 1858.
Thomas J. Robertson, ” 1868 ” 1877.
Frederick A. Sawyer, ” 1868 ” 1873.
John J. Patterson, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Illustration of Maryland state seal
MARYLAND.
This territory at first was included in the patent to the Virginia colony; but was, in 1632, re-patented to Lord Baltimore, an English nobleman, who had embraced the catholic faith, and sought, in the American wilderness, an asylum where he and his co-religionists might enjoy the freedom from persecution denied them in England. It was called Maryland from the queen of Charles I., King of England. A part of this patent was covered by that subsequently made to William Penn, and produced much trouble between the descendants of these men, and their respective colonies. A settlement was commenced, mainly by catholic gentlemen, in 1634, and called St. Mary’s, on a branch of the Potomac.
The wise liberality that distinguished the settlement of Pennsylvania marked all the earlier history of Maryland. They cultivated friendly relations with the natives and with their neighbors. Lord Baltimore was liberal in his expenditures for[465] the growing colony, and gave them a liberal government. When the civil war commenced in England, resulting in the death of Charles I. and the rise of Cromwell to power, the first troubles of the colonists of Maryland began, and continued until 1716, when the heirs of the original proprietor resumed their rights and maintained them until the Revolution.
This State was one of the original thirteen, and gave a hearty support to the patriot side during the war for freedom.
The surface of the country is, in great part, low and sandy; the climate agreeable and the soil favorable to agricultural pursuits. Her commercial position is excellent, being situated on either side of Chesapeake bay and bounded by the Potomac river on the west. The District of Columbia, containing the National Capital, was located on the last named river within her limits.
Maryland has an area of 11,124 square miles—equal to 7,119,360 acres. The population in 1870 was 780,806, which gives her six Representatives in Congress. By an act of Congress, passed in 1866, this State was put in the fourth judicial circuit, which is composed of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Carolina. Maryland constitutes one judicial district; has ten ports of entry, viz.: Baltimore, Chester, Oxford, Vienna, Snow-Hill, Annapolis, Nottingham, St. Mary’s, Georgetown, and Havre de Grace; and twelve ports of delivery.
Annapolis is the capital. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in January.
The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Charles Carroll, (of Carrollton) from 1789 to 1793.
John Henry, ” 1789 ” 1797.
Richard Potts, ” 1793 ” 1796.
[466]John E. Howard, ” 1796 ” 1803.
James Lloyd, ” 1797 ” 1800.
William Hindman, ” 1800 ” 1801.
Robert Wright, ” 1801 ” 1806.
Samuel Smith, ” { 1803 ” 1815.
1822 ” 1833.
Philip Reed, ” 1806 ” 1813.
R. H. Goldsborough, ” { 1813 ” 1819.
1835 ” 1836.
Robert G. Harper, ” 1816 ” 1816.
Alexander C. Hanson, ” 1816 ” 1819.
William Pinckney, ” 1819 ” 1822.
Edward Lloyd, ” 1819 ” 1826.
Ezekiel F. Chambers, ” 1826 ” 1835.
Joseph Kent, ” 1833 ” 1838.
John S. Spence, ” 1836 ” 1841.
William D. Merrick, ” 1838 ” 1845.
John Leidsker, ” 1841 ” 1843.
James A. Pearce, ” 1843 ” 1862.
Reverdy Johnson, ” { 1845 ” 1851.
1863 ” 1868.
David Stuart, ” 1849 ” 1850.
Thomas G. Pratt, ” 1850 ” 1857.
Anthony Kennedy, ” 1857 ” 1863.
Thomas H. Hicks, ” 1862 ” 1864.
John A. J. Cresswell, ” 1865 ” 1867.
Philip F. Thomas, ” —— ” 1867.
George Vickers, ” 1868 ” 1873.
William T. Hamilton, ” 1869 ” 1875.
George R. Dennis, ” 1873 ” 1879.
Wm. Pinckney Wythe, ” 1875 ” 1881.
[467]
Illustration of New Hampshire state seal
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
This State is often called “The Old Granite State,” as well from its mountainous character as the resolute spirit of its inhabitants. It is small, having an area of only 9,280 square miles, which make 5,939,200 acres. Its population in 1870 was 318,300, entitling it to three Representatives in Congress.
The first settlement was founded at Dover, in 1624, by the English. It suffered much from Indian wars, and its growth was slow. It was made a separate province in 1680, having previously been under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. It was one of the original thirteen States, and took an active and vigorous part in the Revolutionary War.
Its soil is light and unfavorable to agriculture, but furnishes good pasturage and produces fine cattle. It contains the White Mountains, the highest in New England. Its streams are utilized for manufacturing purposes. Quarries of marble and granite abound. Minerals, and precious stones of several varieties are found in various parts of the State. The hardy and enterprising sons to whom it has given birth are to be found in every State in the union.
It lies in the first judicial circuit; constitutes one judicial district; and is embraced in one collection district, and therefore has but one port of entry. There are three ports of delivery.
The capital is Concord. The Legislature assembles on the first Monday in June, the State election being held the second Tuesday in March.
The enacting clause of the laws runs thus: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened.”
[468]
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Paine Wingate, from 1789 to 1793.
John Langdon, ” 1789 ” 1801.
Samuel Livermore, ” 1793 ” 1801.
Simeon Olcott, ” 1801 ” 1805.
James Sheafe, ” 1801 ” 1802.
William Plummer, ” 1802 ” 1807.
Nicholas Gilman, ” 1805 ” 1814.
Nahum Parker, ” 1807 ” 1810.
Charles Cutts, ” 1810 ” 1813.
Jeremiah Mason, ” 1813 ” 1817.
Thomas W. Thompson, ” 1814 ” 1817.
David L. Morrill, ” 1817 ” 1823.
Clement Storer, ” 1817 ” 1819.
John F. Parrott, ” 1819 ” 1825.
Samuel Bell, ” 1823 ” 1835.
Levi Woodbury, ” { 1825 ” 1831.
1841 ” 1845.
Isaac Hill, ” 1831 ” 1835.
Henry Hubbard, ” 1835 ” 1841.
John Page, ” 1836 ” 1837.
Franklin Pierce, ” 1837 ” 1842.
Leonard Wilcox, ” 1842 ” 1842.
Charles G. Atherson, ” { 1843 ” 1849.
1852 ” 1853.
Benning W. Jenness, ” 1845 ” 1846.
Joseph Cilley, ” 1846 ” 1847.
John P. Hale, ” { 1847 ” 1853.
1855 ” 1865.
Moses Norris, ” 1849 ” 1855.
Jared W. Williams, ” 1853 ” 1854.
John S. Wells, ” 1855 ” 1855.
James Bell, ” 1855 ” 1857.
Daniel Clark, ” 1857 ” 1866.
George C. Fogg, ” 1866 ” 1867.
James W. Paterson, ” 1867 ” 1873.
Aaron H. Cragin, ” 1867 ” 1877.
Bainbridge Wadleigh, ” 1873 ” 1879.
[469]
Illustration of New Jersey state seal
NEW JERSEY.
This State was first settled at Bergen by the Swedes sent over by the Christian hero-king, Gustavus Adolphus, in the year 1638. They, however, soon fell under the control of the Dutch, who claimed the territory. The next settlement was made at Elizabethtown, from Long Island, in 1664. New Jersey came into the hands of the English along with New Netherlands, but soon became an independent province; Philip Carteret becoming its first governor, in 1665. It was for some time under the control of the celebrated Quaker, William Penn, received a liberal form of government, and, not suffering from the Indians enjoyed prosperity for many years. Afterwards it passed through various vicissitudes in its government, was for a time joined to New York, but recovered its independent existence in 1738; and was one of the original thirteen States, taking a very prominent part in the Revolution. Its territory, lying between New York and Philadelphia, was the field on which the hostile armies fought and manouvered, for some years. It ratified the Constitution unanimously, December 18th, 1787. It has been rewarded for its patriotism and devotion to liberty by unbroken prosperity. Its manufactures are in a flourishing state. Its vicinity to the great commercial centres of the Atlantic coast; the mildness of its climate, and the adaptation of its soil to the growth of fruit and vegetables have made it the Garden State of the union. Its agricultural wealth is much increased by its abundant beds of marl and peat. The extreme north is hilly and the extreme south low and sandy. Education receives much attention.
It has an area of 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres.[470] The population, by the census of 1870, was 905,794, which gives her seven Representatives in Congress.
This State lies in the third judicial circuit, and forms one judicial district. There are six ports of entry, and as many collection districts; and also eight ports of delivery.
Its capital is Trenton. The State election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and the Legislature assembles the second Tuesday in January.
The form of the enacting clause is as follows: “Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Jonathan Elmer, from 1789 to 1791.
William Patterson, ” 1789 ” 1790.
Philemon Dickerson, ” 1790 ” 1793.
John Rutherford, ” 1791 ” 1798.
Fred’k Frelinghuysen, ” 1793 ” 1796.
Richard Stockton, ” 1796 ” 1799.
Franklin Davenport, ” 1798 ” 1799.
James Schureman, ” 1799 ” 1801.
Jonathan Dayton, ” 1799 ” 1805.
Aaron Ogden, ” 1801 ” 1803.
John Condit, ” 1803 ” 1811.
Aaron Kitchell, ” 1805 ” 1809.
John Lambert, ” 1809 ” 1815.
Mahlon Dickerson, ” 1817 ” 1833.
James J. Wilson, ” 1815 ” 1821.
Samuel L. Southard, ” { 1821 ” 1823.
1833 ” 1841.
Joseph McIlvaine, ” 1823 ” 1826.
Thos. Frelinghuysen, ” 1829 ” 1835.
Ephraim Bateman, ” 1826 ” 1829.
Garret D. Wall, ” 1835 ” 1841.
Jacob Miller, ” 1841 ” 1853.
William L. Dayton, ” 1842 ” 1851.
[471]John B. Thompson, ” 1853 ” 1863.
William Pennington, ” 1858 ” 1858.
William Wright, ” { 1853 ” 1859.
1863 ” 1866.
Robert F. Stockton, ” 1851 ” 1853.
John C. Ten Eyck, ” 1859 ” 1865.
Richard S. Field, ” 1862 ” 1863.
James W. Wall, ” 1863 ” 1863.
John P. Stockton, ” 1865 ” 1866.
F. T. Frelinghuysen, ” 1867 ” 1869.
Alexander G. Cattell, ” 1866 ” 1871.
John P. Stockton, ” 1869 ” 1875.
F. T. Frelinghuysen, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Thos. F. Randolph, ” 1875 ” 1881.
Illustration of Massachusetts state seal
MASSACHUSETTS.
The “Bay State,” so named from the deep encroachments of the sea on her eastern border, was settled in 1620, at Plymouth, by English Puritans; a class of sternly pious men, who abandoned England to find freedom of worship in the savage wilds of America. They were men of great resolution and intelligence, and succeeded in imbuing the new colony with a fair degree of their own virtue. They suffered much, at first, from deprivation of the comforts they had left in England, and from the hostility of the Indians. They were too much in earnest to be tolerant, and persecutions of pretended witches, of Quakers and Baptists, have given them an unenviable notoriety.
This State was a leading one among the original thirteen, and the first to take up arms and to be invaded by the British forces at the commencement of the War of the Revolution. Her influence on the national character has been great.
[472]
This State is the first in the union for cotton and woolen manufactures, its cotton mills alone employing about twenty-five thousand hands. In extent of all its manufactures it is third in the union. The soil is sterile in great part, but the energy of the people finds abundant other sources of wealth. Commerce and fisheries receive much attention, and produce much wealth.
Education is carefully attended to, and its public school system a model for other States. She has an area of 7,800 square miles. Her population in 1870 was 1,457,351, and entitles her to eleven Members of Congress. It is in the first judicial circuit, and forms one judicial district. There are fourteen ports of entry, and twenty-five ports of delivery in this State.
Boston is the Capital, the metropolis of New England, and an important center of intellectual and business energy. The Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in January, and the State elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in January.
The enacting clause is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Tristram Dalton, from 1789 to 1791.
Caleb Strong, ” 1789 ” 1796.
George Cabot, ” 1791 ” 1796.
Theo. Sedgewick, ” 1796 ” 1799.
Benj. Goodhue, ” 1796 ” 1800.
Samuel Dexter, ” 1799 ” 1800.
Dwight Foster, ” 1800 ” 1803.
Jonathan Mason, ” 1800 ” 1803.
John Q. Adams, ” 1803 ” 1808.
Timothy Pickering, ” 1803 ” 1811.
James Lloyd, ” { 1808 ” 1813.
1822 ” 1826.
Joseph B. Varnum, ” 1811 ” 1817.
[473]Christopher Gore, ” 1813 ” 1816.
Eli P. Ashmun, ” 1816 ” 1818.
Harrison Gray Otis, ” 1817 ” 1822.
Prentiss Mellen, ” 1818 ” 1820.
Elijah H. Mills, ” 1820 ” 1827.
Nathaniel Silsbee, ” 1826 ” 1835.
Daniel Webster, ” { 1827 ” 1841.
1845 ” 1850.
Rufus Choate, ” 1841 ” 1845.
John Davis, ” { 1835 ” 1841.
1845 ” 1853.
Isaac C. Bates, ” 1841 ” 1845.
Robert C. Winthrop, ” 1850 ” 1851.
Robert Rantoul, ” 1851 ” 1851.
Edward Everett, ” 1853 ” 1854.
Julius Rockwell, ” 1854 ” 1855.
[2]Henry Wilson, ” 1855 ” 1873.
Charles Sumner, ” 1851 ” 1874.
George S. Boutwell, ” 1873 ” 1877.
William Washburn, ” 1874 ” 1875.
Henry L. Dawes, ” 1875 ” 1881.
[2] Elected Vice President, and when inaugurated Mr. Boutwell was elected to fill out the unexpired term.
Illustration of Connecticut state seal
CONNECTICUT.
This State takes its name from its principal river, which, entering from the north, runs through the State nearly in the center. It was settled in 1633 from Massachusetts, the fertility of the valley of the Connecticut attracting them to brave the perils of conflict with the Indians, and with the Dutch, settled where New York now stands, who laid claim to it. The Dutch withdrew, the Indians were subdued in many bloody[474] battles, and a Puritan State—exceeding, if possible, the religious strictness of the Massachusetts colony, and not behind her in energy, in virtue, in attention to education, and love of liberty—soon grew up to wealth and prosperity.
A decisive battle in 1636, on the Mystic river, annihilated the Pequod Indians.
Connecticut, in 1700, followed the example set by Massachusetts in 1638, by founding Yale college, which, to this day, very fairly rivals Harvard in the former State. Both have contributed largely to the intelligence and culture of the American people. It took a leading part in the Revolution; ratified the constitution June 9th, 1788; and has displayed the zeal in promoting the public good that has been so prominent in the cultivation of her educational and material interests.
The surface of the State is uneven and rocky. Manufactures and commerce are the leading interests, although agriculture is not neglected. It is rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, iron, copper and bismuth are found, while marble, of fine quality, and granite abound.
Its area is small, embracing only 4,674 square miles, or 2,991,360 acres. It has four representatives in Congress. The population in 1870 was 537,418. It is part of the second judicial circuit, and constitutes one judicial district. She has five ports of entry, and five collection districts, with twenty-two ports of delivery.
It has had two capitals ever since the first two colonies, established at Hartford and New Haven, were united; and holds her State election on the first Monday in April. The Legislature meets the first Wednesday in May.
The enacting clause runs thus: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Oliver Ellsworth, from 1789 to 1796.
William S. Johnson, ” 1789 ” 1791.
[475]Roger Sherman, ” 1791 ” 1793.
S. M. Mitchell, ” 1793 ” 1795.
Jonathan Trumbull, ” 1795 ” 1796.
Uriah Tracey, ” 1796 ” 1807.
J. Hillhouse, ” 1796 ” 1810.
C. Goodrich, ” 1807 ” 1813.
S. W. Dana, ” 1810 ” 1821.
David Doggett, ” 1813 ” 1819.
James Lanman, ” 1819 ” 1825.
E. Boardman, ” 1821 ” 1823.
H. W. Edwards, ” 1823 ” 1827.
Calvin Willey, ” 1825 ” 1831.
Samuel A. Foot, ” 1827 ” 1833.
G. Tomlinson, ” 1831 ” 1837.
Nathan Smith, ” 1833 ” 1835.
John M. Niles, ” { 1835 ” 1839.
1843 ” 1849.
Perry Smith, ” 1837 ” 1843.
Thaddeus Betts, ” 1839 ” 1840.
J. W. Huntington, ” 1840 ” 1847.
R. S. Baldwin, ” 1847 ” 1851.
Truman Smith, ” 1849 ” 1855.
Isaac Toucey, ” 1852 ” 1857.
Francis Gillette, ” 1854 ” 1856.
L. S. Foster, ” 1855 ” 1867.
James Dixon, ” 1857 ” 1869.
Orris S. Ferry, ” 1867 ” 1879.
W. A. Buckingham, ” 1869 ” 1875.
Wm. W. Eaton, ” 1875 ” 1881.
Illustration of Delaware state seal
DELAWARE.
The first settlement of Delaware was made by the Swedes,[476] in pursuance of the policy of the valiant Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. European wars, in which he was engaged, and in which he lost his life in 1633, deferred the project, but it was carried into effect in 1638, near the present city of Wilmington. They extended their settlements from the entrance of Delaware bay far up the river, until the Dutch, from New Netherlands, who claimed the country, attacked and reduced them to submission, uniting New Sweden, as it had been called, to their own colony, in the year 1655. It fell, with that colony, into the hands of the English in 1664. It was included in the grant made to William Penn, in 1692. It was long attached to Pennsylvania, but in 1703 received permission to form a separate government, on the wise and liberal plan pursued by Penn. This form of government continued through the Revolutionary war.
The surface of the State is level, or gently undulating, the climate is agreeable, except that, in winter, the sea breeze is somewhat harsh; the soil is sandy but fertile. Grain and fruit are raised, peaches being produced in great profusion. Her commercial and manufacturing business is limited, and she is destitute of mineral wealth.
It is next to Rhode Island in size, containing the small area of 2,120 square miles, or 1,356,800 acres. Population 125,015.
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
George Read, from 1789 to 1793.
R. Bassett, ” 1789 ” 1793.
John Vining, ” 1793 ” 1798.
Kensey Johns, ” 1794 ” 1795.
Henry Latimer, ” 1795 ” 1801.
Joshua Clayton, ” 1798 ” 1799.
W. H. Wells, ” { 1799 ” 1804.
1813 ” 1817.
Samuel White, ” 1801 ” 1810.
J. A. Bayard, ” 1804 ” 1813.
O. Horsey, ” 1810 ” 1821.
[477]N. Van Dyke, ” 1817 ” 1826.
C. A. Rodney, ” 1822 ” 1823.
T. Clayton, ” { 1824 ” 1827.
1837 ” 1847.
D. Rodney, ” 1826 ” 1827.
H. Ridgely, ” 1827 ” 1829.
L. McLane, ” 1827 ” 1829.
J. M. Clayton, ” { 1829 ” 1837.
1845 ” 1849.
A. Naudain, ” 1830 ” 1836.
R. H. Bayard, ” 1836 ” 1845.
P. Spruance, ” 1847 ” 1853.
John Wales, ” 1849 ” 1851.
J. A. Bayard, ” 1851 ” 1864.
M. W. Bates, ” 1857 ” 1859.
J. P. Comeygs, ” 1856 ” 1857.
W. Saulsbury, ” 1859 ” 1871.
G. R. Riddle, ” 1864 ” 1867.
J. A. Bayard, ” 1867 ” 1869.
Thomas F. Bayard, ” 1869 ” 1881.
Eli Saulsbury, ” 1871 ” 1877.
Illustration of Rhode Island state seal
RHODE ISLAND.
This is the smallest of the States, having an area of but 1,306 square miles, or 835,840 acres.
It was settled in 1636 by Roger Williams, and became an avowed place of refuge for persecuted christians of all names, but especially for Baptists, among whom Mr. Williams was a leader. It was chartered as a separate colony in 1644, and the excellent constitution framed under it lasted until 1818. It[478] was one of the original thirteen States and took an earnest share in the struggles of the revolution, though it was not represented in the convention that framed the Constitution, and did not ratify it until 1790.
Its citizens are mainly engaged in the manufacturing and commercial pursuits for which their excellent harbors and streams furnish eminent facilities. It has always been prosperous, its people being distinguished for industry and activity. Its population was, in 1870, 217,356.
Rhode Island forms part of the first judicial circuit; constitutes one judicial district; and has three ports of entry, and seven of delivery. It has two capitals, having been originally formed of two separate colonies. These are Providence and Newport. The election for State officers is held on the first Wednesday in April. The Legislature is held twice in the year, in May and January. The style of her enacting clause is: “It is enacted by the General Assembly, as follows.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Theodore Foster, from 1790 to 1803.
Joseph Stanton, ” 1790 ” 1793.
William Bradford, ” 1793 ” 1797.
Ray Green, ” 1797 ” 1801.
Charles Ellery, ” 1801 ” 1805.
Samuel L. Potter, ” 1803 ” 1804.
Benjamin Howland, ” 1804 ” 1809.
James Fenner, ” 1805 ” 1807.
Elisha Matthewson, ” 1807 ” 1811.
Francis Malbone, ” 1809 ” 1809.
C. G. Champlin, ” 1809 ” 1811.
Jeremiah B. Howell, ” 1811 ” 1817.
William Hunter, ” 1811 ” 1831.
James Burrill, ” 1817 ” 1821.
James D’Wolf, ” 1821 ” 1825.
Nehemiah R. Knight, ” 1821 ” 1841.
Asher Robbins, ” 1825 ” 1839.
[479]Nathan F. Dixon, ” 1839 ” 1842.
James F. Simmons, ” { 1841 ” 1847.
1857 ” 1862.
William Sprague, ” 1842 ” 1844.
John B. Francis, ” 1844 ” 1845.
Albert C. Green, ” 1845 ” 1851.
John H. Clarke, ” 1847 ” 1853.
Charles T. James, ” 1851 ” 1857.
Philip Allen, ” 1853 ” 1859.
Samuel G. Arnold, ” 1862 ” 1863.
Henry B. Anthony, ” { 1859 ” 1865.
1865 ” 1877.
William Sprague, ” 1862 ” 1875.
Ambrose E. Burnside, ” 1875 ” 1881.
Illustration of Vermont state seal
VERMONT.
This State received its name from the French name of its range of mountains, (“verd mont” meaning “Green Mountain.”) It was settled in 1731, and was at first considered part of New Hampshire, and afterwards claimed by New York. These claims were vigorously resisted, but it had no organized government until 1777. It did good service in the Revolution; but was not admitted into the union until 1791, making the fourteenth State. Col. Ethan Allen at the head of 270 “Green Mountain Boys” took possession of Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the name of the Continental Congress, in 1775, and thus assured the northern water communication with Canada to the Americans.
The climate of Vermont though cold, is pleasant and even, the soil fertile in the valleys, and the streams supply excellent water power, which, however, is little used. Maple sugar is[480] produced in abundance, while its facilities for raising stock are equal to those of New Hampshire. Granite, marble of fine quality, and slate quarries abound. Its provision for education is very liberal.
It has three representatives in Congress; forms part of the second judicial circuit, and constitutes one judicial district. One port of entry and two of delivery are authorized to be named by the President of the United States.
Montpelier is the capital. The State election is held on the first Tuesday in September, and the Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in October.
The enacting clause begins: “It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
Moses Robinson, from 1791 to 1796.
Stephen R. Bradley, ” { 1791 ” 1795.
1801 ” 1813.
Elijah Paine, ” 1795 ” 1801.
Isaac Tichenor, ” { 1796 ” 1797.
1815 ” 1821.
Nathaniel Chipman, ” 1797 ” 1803.
Israel Smith, ” 1803 ” 1807.
Jonathan Robinson, ” 1807 ” 1815.
Dudley Chase, ” { 1813 ” 1817.
1825 ” 1831.
James Fisk, ” 1817 ” 1818.
William A. Palmer, ” 1818 ” 1825.
Horatio Seymour, ” 1821 ” 1833.
Samuel Prentiss, ” 1831 ” 1842.
Benjamin Swift, ” 1833 ” 1839.
Samuel S. Phelps, ” 1839 ” 1851.
Samuel C. Crafts, ” 1842 ” 1843.
William Upham, ” 1843 ” 1855.
Solomon Foote, ” 1851 ” 1866.
[481]Samuel S. Phelps, ” 1853 ” 1854.
Lawrence Brainard, ” 1854 ” 1855.
Jacob Collamer, ” 1855 ” 1865.
Luke P. Poland, ” 1865 ” 1867.
George F. Edmunds, ” 1866 ” 1881.
Justin S. Morrill, ” 1867 ” 1879.
VIEW IN THE BLUE GRASS REGION, KENTUCKY.
Illustration of Kentucky state seal
KENTUCKY.
Kentucky was formed from the territory of Virginia, and in point of seniority is the fifteenth State of the American union, having been admitted on the first of June, 1792.
The sobriquet of “dark and bloody ground” applied to Kentucky is very suggestive of the sanguinary conflicts of her pioneer population with the aboriginal lords of the soil. The celebrated Daniel Boone was among the first white men to explore the wilderness of Kentucky. The first white settlement was commenced at Boonesborough, about the year 1769. The area of the State is 37,680 square miles, equal to 24,115,200 acres.
The climate is mild, and adapted to the production of cereals, grapes, and fruits. The soil is very fertile. The surface presents a varied aspect in its several portions. The southeastern part of the State is mountainous, the central and northern portions are undulating, sometimes hilly. The river bottoms are very productive. The State is well timbered. Apple, pear, peach, plum and various other fruit trees are cultivated with great success. The staple products are corn, tobacco and hemp. Horses, mules and cattle are raised. Kentucky abounds in bituminous coal, lead, iron pyrites, marble, freestone, gypsum, and cliff limestone.
[482]
The population in 1870 was 1,321,000. She is entitled to ten representatives in Congress, is in the sixth judicial circuit and forms one judicial district, has one port of entry, Louisville, and two ports of delivery, viz.: Paducah and Columbus. Frankfort is the capital.
The State elections are held on the first Monday in August. The Legislature meets on the first Monday in December, and is composed of two houses—the Senate consisting of 38 members elected for four years; and a House of Representatives elected for two years. The enacting clause of the laws is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.”
UNITED STATES SENATORS.
John Brown, from 1792 to 1805.
John Edwards, ” 1792 ” 1795.
Humphrey Marshall, ” 1795 ” 1801.
John Breckenridge, ”
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CHAPTER LXV. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.
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CHAPTER LXVII. MOTTOES AND NAMES OF THE STATES.
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