The draft of half a million men was scarcely completed when Rosecrans\' Western army, advancing into Georgia, met with crushing defeat at Chickamauga, "The River of Death." His shattered hosts were driven back into Chattanooga with the loss of eighteen thousand men in a rout so complete and stunning that Charles A. Dana, the Assistant Secretary of War, telegraphed the President from the front that it was another "Bull Run."
Rosecrans himself wired that he had met with a terrible disaster. The White House sent him words of cheer. The Confederate Commander, General Bragg, rapidly closed in and began to lay siege to Chattanooga, and the defeated Federal army were put on short rations.
The President turned his eyes now from Meade and his army of the Potomac which Lee\'s strategy had completely baffled and gave his first thought to the armies of the West. He sent Sherman hurrying from the Mississippi to Rosecrans\' relief and Hooker from the East. In the place of Rosecrans he promoted George H. Thomas, whose gallant stand had saved the army from annihilation and won the title, "The Rock of Chickamauga." And most important of all he placed in supreme command of the forces in Tennessee the silent man whom his patience and faith had saved to the Nation, the conqueror of Vicksburg—Ulysses S. Grant.
On November the 24th and 25th, the new Commander raised the siege of Chattanooga, and drove Bragg\'s army from Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain back into Georgia.
At last the President had found the man of genius for whom he had long searched. Grant was summoned to Washington and given command of all the armies of the United States East and West.
The new General at once placed William Tecumseh Sherman at the head of an army of a hundred thousand men at Chattanooga for the purpose of reinvading Georgia, sent General Butler with forty thousand up the Peninsula against Richmond along the line of McClellan\'s old march, raised the Army of the Potomac to one hundred and forty thousand effective fighters, took command in person and faced General Lee on the banks of the Rapidan but a few miles from the old ground in the Wilderness around Chancellorsville where Hooker\'s men had baptized the earth in heroic blood the year before.
Grant\'s army was the flower of Northern manhood and with its three hundred and eighteen great field guns the best equipped body of fighting men ever brought together on our continent. His baggage train was over sixty miles long and would have stretched the entire distance to Richmond.
By the spring of 1864 when he reached the Rapidan Lee\'s army had been recruited again to its normal strength of sixty-two thousand.
A great religious revival swept the Southern camps during the winter and its meetings lasted into the spring almost to the hour of the opening guns of the Wilderness campaign. Had whispers from the Infinite reached the souls of the ragged men in grey and told them of coming Gethsemane and Calvary?
Certain it is that though Lee\'s army were ragged and poorly fed their courage was never higher, their faith in their Commander never more sublime than in those beautiful spring mornings in April when they burnished their bayonets to receive Grant\'s overwhelming host.
The Chaplain of Ned Vaughan\'s regiment was leading a prayer meeting in the moonlight. An earnest brother was praying fervently for more manhood, and more courage.
A ragged Confederate kneeling nearby didn\'t like the drift of his petition and his patience gave out. He raised his head and called.
"Say, hold on there, brother! You\'re getting that prayer all wrong. We don\'t need no more courage—got so much now we\'re skeered of ourselves sometimes. What we need is provisions. Ask the Lord to send us something to eat. That\'s what we want now——"
The leader took the interruption in good spirit and added an eloquent request for at least one good meal a day if the Lord in his goodness and mercy could spare it.
No persimmon tree was ever stripped without the repetition of their old joke. They all knew the words by heart,
"Don\'t eat those persimmons—they\'re not good for you!"
"I know it, man, I\'m just doin\' it to pucker my stomach to fit my rations!"
Ned was passing the door of a cabin in which a prayer meeting of officers was being held. He was walking with his Colonel who was fond of a sip of corn whiskey at times. He was slightly deaf.
The leader of the meeting called from the door:
"Won\'t you join us in prayer, Colonel?"
"Thank you, no, I\'ve just had a little!" he answered innocently.
Ned roared and the brethren inside the cabin joined the laugh.
No body of men of any race ever marched to death with calmer faith than those ragged lines of grey now girding their loins for the fiercest, bloodiest struggle in the annals of the world.
Lee allowed Grant to cross the Rapidan unopposed and penetrate the tangled wilds of the Wilderness. The Southerner knew that in these dense woods the effectiveness of his opponent\'s superior numbers would be vastly reduced. Longstreet\'s corps had not yet arrived from Gordonsville where he had been sent to obtain food, and he must concentrate his forces.
The days were oppressively hot, as the men in blue tramped through the forest aisles of the vast Virginia jungle—a maze of trees, underbrush and dense foliage. A pall of ominous silence hung over this labyrinth of desolation, broken only by the chirp of bluebird or the distant call of the yellowhammer.
Not waiting for the arrival of Longstreet on his forced march from Gordonsville, Lee suddenly threw the half of his army on Grant\'s advancing men with savage energy. Their march was halted and through every hour of the day and far into the night the fierce conflict raged. As darkness fell the Confederates had pushed the blue lines back, captured four guns and a number of prisoners.
But Longstreet had not come and Lee\'s army of barely forty thousand men were in a dangerous position before Grant\'s legions.
Both Generals renewed the fight at daylight. The Federals attacked Lee\'s entire line with terrific force. Just as the Confederate right wing was being crushed and rolled back in disorder, Longstreet reached the field and threw his men into the breach. Lee himself rode to the front to lead the charge and re?stablish his yielding lines.
From a thousand throats rose the cry:
"Lee to the rear!"
"Go back, General Lee!"
"This is no place for you!"
"We\'ll settle this!"
The men refused to move until their Commander had withdrawn. And then with their fierce yell they charged and swept the field.
Lee repeated the brilliant achievement of Jackson at Chancellorsville. Longstreet was sent around Hancock\'s left to turn and assail his flank. The movement was a complete success. Hancock\'s line was smashed and driven back a mile to his second defenses.
General Wadsworth at the head of his division was mortally wounded and fell into the hands of the on-sweeping Confederates. Just as the movement had reached the moments of its triumph which would have crumpled Grant\'s army in confusion back on the banks of the river, Longstreet fell dangerously wounded, struck down by a volley from his own men in exactly the same way and almost in the same spot where Jackson had fallen. General Jenkins, who was with him, was instantly killed.
The charging hosts were halted by the change of Commanders and the movement failed of its big purpose, though at sunset General John B. Gordon broke through Sedgwick\'s union lines, rolled back his right flank, drove him a mile from his entrenchments and captured six hundred prisoners with two brigadier generals.
The mysterious fate which had pursued the South had once more stricken down a great commander in the moment of victory, and snatched it from his grasp—at Shiloh, Albert Sydney Johnston; at Seven Pines, Joseph E. Johnston; at Chancellorsville, Jackson, and now Longstreet.
Grant in two days lost seventeen thousand six hundred and sixty-six men, a larger number than fell under Hooker when he had retreated in despair. Any other General than Grant, the stolid bulldog fighter, would have retreated across the Rapidan to reorganize his bleeding lines.
As one of his Generals rode up the following morning out of the confusion and horror of the night, Grant, chewing on his cigar, waved his right arm with a quick movement:
"It\'s all right, Wilson; we\'ll fight again!"
Next day the two armies lay in their trenches facing each other in grim silence. Grant determined again to turn Lee\'s right flank and get between him and Richmond.
Lee divined his purpose before a single regiment had begun to march. Spottsylvania Court House lay on his right. The Confederate Commander hurried his advance guard to the spot and lay in wait for his opponent.
The day of the 19th was spent by both armies in adjusting lines and constructing breastworks. These fortifications were made by digging huge ditches and on the top of their banks fastening heavy logs. In front of these, abatis were made by filling the trees and cutting their limbs in such a way that the sharp spikes projected toward the breasts of the advancing foe.
While placing his guns in position General Sedgwick was killed by a sharpshooter\'s bullet—a commander of high character and fearless courage and loved by every man in his army.
On the morning of the 10th Hancock attempted to turn Lee\'s rear by crossing the Po. The movement failed and he was recalled with heavy losses under Early\'s assault as he recrossed the river.
Warren led his division in a determined charge on the Confederate front and they were mowed down in hundreds by Longstreet\'s men behind their entrenchments. They reached the abatis and one man leaped on the breastworks before they fell back in bloody confusion. General Rice was mortally wounded in this charge.
On the left of Warren, Colonel Emory Upton charged and broke through the Confederate lines capturing twelve hundred prisoners, but was driven back at last with the loss of a thousand of his men. Grant made him a Brigadier General on the field.
The first day at Spottsylvania ended with a loss of four thousand union men. Lee\'s losses were less than half that number.
The 11th they paused for breath, and Grant sent his famous dispatch to Washington:
"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."
On the morning of the 12th Hancock was ordered to charge at daylight. Lee\'s lines were spread out in the shape of an enormous letter V. Hancock\'s task was to capture the angle which formed the key to this position.
In pitch darkness under pouring rain his four divisions under Birney, Mott, Barlow and Gibbon slipped through the mud and crept into position within a few hundred yards of the Confederate breastworks.
As the first streaks of dawn pierced the murky clouds, without............